Mississippi

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Mississippi ( Ã, ( listen ) ) is a state in the southern United States, with a section of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River.

The country has a population of about 3 million. It is the 32 most populous and 32nd most populous of 50 United States. Located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of about 175,000.

The state is heavily forested beyond the Mississippi Delta region, between the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. Prior to the American Civil War, much of the state's development was situated along the riverbank, where slaves worked on the cotton plantations. After the war, the interior to the bottom was cleansed, mostly by the liberated people. By the end of the 19th century, African-Americans made up two-thirds of Delta property owners, but timber and rail firms acquired most of the land after the financial crisis.

Land clearance alters the ecology of the Delta, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi. A lot of land is now held by agribusiness. A largely rural country with an agricultural area dominated by industrial farms, Mississippi is ranked low or last among countries in sizes such as health, educational attainment, and average household income. Cultivation of state catfish farms produces the majority of catfish cultivated in the United States.

Since the 1930s and the Great Migration, the majority of the population of Mississippi is white, albeit with the highest percentage of blacks in other US states. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, the population was mostly black, the population before the American Civil War was largely composed of African-American slaves. The whites of the Democratic Party maintain political power through Jim Crow's law. In the first half of the 20th century, nearly 400,000 rural blacks left the country to work and opportunities in the northern and western cities, with another wave of migration around WWII to the West Coast towns. In the early 1960s, Mississippi was the poorest country in the country, with 86% of non-whites living below the poverty level.

In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U.S. state. Since regaining the enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. The conservative white has shifted to the Republicans. African Americans are the majority in many areas of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, a historic residential area during the plantation era.

Video Mississippi

Etymology

The name of the country comes from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western border. Settlers named it after the word Ojibwe mission-ziibi ("Great River").

Maps Mississippi

Geography

Mississippi borders north by Tennessee, east by Alabama, south by Louisiana and narrow coast in the Gulf of Mexico; and to the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas.

In addition to its name, major rivers in Mississippi include the Great Black River, Pearl River, Yazoo River, Pascagoula River, and Tombigbee River. The main lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Lake Arkabutla, Sardis Lake, and Lake Grenada with the largest lake is Lake Sardis.

Mississippi is composed entirely of lowland, the highest point is Woodall Mountain, at the foot of the Cumberland Mountains, 807 feet (246 m) above sea level. The lowest point is the sea level on the Gulf coast. The average elevation of the state is 300 feet (91 m) above sea level.

Most of Mississippi is part of the East Coast Coastal Plain. The coastal plains generally consist of low hills, such as Pine Hills in the south and North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and Fall Line Hills in the northeast have a somewhat higher elevation. The yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western part of the state. The northeastern part is a fertile black earth region extending into the Black Alabama Belt.

The coastline includes the big bay at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, and Pascagoula. It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico right by the shallow Mississippi Sound, partially sheltered by Petit Bois Island, Horn Island, East and West Ship Islands, Deer Island, Round Island, and Cat Island.

The northwestern part of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, part of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The plain was narrow in the south and widened north of Vicksburg. This region has fertile soils, consisting partly of mud deposits regularly stored by the flood waters of the Mississippi River.

Areas under the management of the National Park Service include:

• Cross-Brands Cross Roads National site near Baldwyn
• Gulf Islands National Seashore
• Natchez National Historical Park in Natchez
• Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail in Tupelo
• Natchez Trace Parkway
• Tupelo National Battlefield in Tupelo
• Vicksburg National Military and Cemetery Park in Vicksburg

Big cities and big cities

Mississippi City Population Rank at least 50,000 (US Census Bureau per 2010):

Mississippi City population rank at least 20,000 but less than 50,000 (US Census Bureau in 2010):

Mississippi City population rank at least 10,000 but less than 20,000 (US Census Bureau in 2010):

(See: List of cities, towns and villages, census places, metropolitan areas, micropolitan areas, and districts in Mississippi)

Climate

Mississippi has a humid subtropical climate with long, hot and humid summers, and short, light winters. The average temperature was about 81  ° F (about 27  ° C) in July and about 48  ° F (about 9  ° C) in January. Temperatures vary across states in summer; However, in the winter, the area near Mississippi Sound is significantly warmer than the inland parts of the state. The temperature recorded in Mississippi has ranged from -19  ° F (-28  ° C), in 1966, at Corinth in the northeast, up to 115  ° F (46  ° C), in 1930, at Holly Springs in the north. Heavy snowfall is possible throughout the state, such as the New Year's 1963 snowstorm. Annual rainfall generally rises from north to south, with areas closer to the Gulf being the most humid. Thus, Clarksdale, in the northwest, gets about 50Ã, "(about 1,270 mm) of rainfall annually and Biloxi, in the south, about 61Ã,¼ (about 1,550 mm). A small amount of snow fell in northern and central Mississippi; snow sometimes in the southern part of the state.

The end of summer and autumn is a seasonal period of hurricane risk that moves to the mainland from the Gulf of Mexico, especially in the southern part of the state. Camille Storm in 1969 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, which killed 238 people in the state, was the most devastating storm to hit the country. Both cause total damage to storm wave structures in and around Gulfport, Biloxi, and Pascagoula.

As in other parts of Deep South, storms often occur in Mississippi, especially in the southern states. On average, Mississippi has about 27 tornadoes every year; the northern part of the country has more tornadoes at the beginning of the year and the southern part of the higher frequencies at the end of the year. Two of the five deadliest tornadoes in US history occur in the state. This storm hit Natchez, in southwestern Mississippi (see The Great Natchez Tornado) and Tupelo, in the northeastern corner of the state. Around seven F5 tornadoes have been recorded in the state.

Ecology, flora and fauna

Mississippi is a dense forest, with more than half the country's territory covered by wild trees or cultivated. The southeastern part of the state is dominated by longleaf pines, both in the highlands and lowland plains and Sarracenia swamps. The Mississippi Alluvial Plain, or Delta, is essentially agricultural land and aquaculture pond but also has a cotton wooden channel, willow, baldcypress, and a sizeable oaks. The loess belt extends north to south in the western part of the state, where the Mississippi Alluvial Plain reaches the first hills; the region is characterized by mixed, mesic, hardwood forest with several separate species from the Appalachian forest. Two historic meadow groups, Jackson Prairie, and Black Belt, roam northwest to southeast in the central and northeastern states. Although these areas have been heavily degraded by conversion to agriculture, some areas remain, consisting of grasslands with forest interspersed from eastern redcedar, oak trees, hickories, osage-orange, and sugarberry. Other states, especially north of Interstate 20 excluding grassland areas, consist of mixed hardwood pine forests, common species that become loblolly pines, oak trees (eg, oak water), hickories, sweetgum, and elm. The area along the great river is usually inhabited by baldcypress, tupelo water, water elm, and bitter hazelnut. Commonly planted trees include loblolly pine, longleaf pine, cherrybark oak, and cottonwood.

There are about 3000 known vascular plant species from Mississippi. In 2018, a project funded by the US National Science Foundation aims to update the plant list with a museum voucher (herbarium) and create an online atlas of each species distribution.

About 420 species of birds are known to inhabit Mississippi.

Mississippi has one of the richest fish fauna in the United States, with 204 species of native fish.

Mississippi also has a rich freshwater mussel fauna, with about 90 species in the main family of native shells (Unionidae). Some of these species have gone extinct during the construction of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway.

Mississippi is home to 63 species of crayfish, including at least 17 endemic species.

Mississippi is home to eight winter stonefly species.

Ecological issues

Flooding

Due to seasonal flooding, possibly from December to June, the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers and their creeks create a fertile floodplain in the Mississippi Delta. River floods create natural dikes, which are planted by higher growers to try to prevent the flood of land cultivated for cotton plants. Temporary workers build embankments along the Mississippi River above the natural embankment formed from dirt that settles after the river floods.

From 1858 to 1861, the state took over the embankment building, finishing it through contractors and rental workers. In those years, peasants considered their slaves too valuable to be hired for such dangerous work. The contractor hired a gang of Irish immigrant workers to build embankments and sometimes cleared land. Many Irish people are relatively new immigrants from the famine years that are struggling to be established. Before the American Civil War, the work of the embankment land was on average six feet tall, although in some areas they reached twenty feet.

Floods have become an integral part of Mississippi's history, but clearing land for cultivation and for supplying wood fuel for steamers eliminates the absorption of trees and shrubs. The banks of the river are bare, becoming unstable and altering the character of the river. After the Civil War, large floods swept through the valleys in 1865, 1867, 1874 and 1882. Such floods regularly flooded levees damaged by Confederate and warfare during the war, as well as those built after the war. In 1877, the state created the Mississippi Levee District for the south.

In 1879, the United States Congress established the Mississippi River Commission, whose responsibilities included helping the embankment board in the construction of the embankment. Both white and black transient workers were employed to build dikes at the end of the 19th century. In 1882, the average embankment was seven feet tall, but many in southern Delta were strongly tested by the floods that year. After the flood of 1882, the embankment system was expanded. In 1884, the Levee Delta District Yazoo-Mississippi was established to oversee the construction of dikes and maintenance in the northern Delta region; also includes several districts in Arkansas that are part of the Delta.

Floods struck northwestern Mississippi in 1912-1913, causing considerable damage in the embankment district. Loss of the area and lobby of the Mississippi River River Association for the flood control bill helped to secure a national bill in 1917 and 1923 to provide a federal escort fund for the local dike district, on a 2: 1 scale. 1. Although US participation in World War I disrupted the embankment finance, a second round of funding helped increase the average height of the embankment in the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta to 22 feet (6.7 m) in the 1920s. Scientists now understand the embankment has increased the severity of the flood by increasing the flow rate of the river and reducing the flood plain area. The area was badly damaged by the Great Flood of Mississippi in 1927, which broke through the dikes. There are millions of dollars in property, stocks and crop losses. The biggest damage occurred in the lower Delta, including the Washington and Bolivar regions.

Even when scientific knowledge about the Mississippi River has grown, upstream developments and the consequences of levees have led to more severe flooding in recent years. Scientists now understand that land clearing and embankment construction have changed the nature of the river. Such work eliminates the natural protection and absorption of wetlands and forest cover, strengthening river flows. State and federal governments have fought for the best approach to restoring some natural habitats to best interact with the river's original ecology.

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History

About 10,000 BC Native Americans or Paleo-Indians arrive at what is now South America. Paleoindians in the South are hunter-gatherers pursuing megafauna that became extinct after the end of the Pleistocene. In the Mississippi Delta, Native American settlements and agricultural fields were developed on a natural embankment, a plateau near the river. Native Americans developed a vast field near their permanent village. Together with other practices, they created some local deforestation but did not alter the overall ecology of the Mississippi Delta.

After thousands of years, successful cultures from the Woodland and Mississippian cultures developed a rich and complex farming society, where surpluses support the development of specialized trade. Both are mound-building cultures. The Mississippian culture is the largest and most complex, built around 950M. People have trade networks covering continents from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast. Their great land work, which expresses the cosmology of their political and religious concepts, still stands along the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys.

Native American descendants of Mississippian culture in the Southeast include Chickasaw and Choctaw. Other tribes that inhabit Mississippi (and whose name is respected by colonists in local towns) include Natchez, Yazoo, and Biloxi.

The first major European expedition to the territory of the Mississippi was the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto, who passed through the northeastern part of the country in 1540, in his second expedition to the New World.

The colonial era

In April 1699, the French colonists established the first European settlement in Fort Maurepas (also known as Old Biloxi), built around the Pacific Ocean that is now on the Gulf Coast. It was completed by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. In 1716, the French established Natchez on the Mississippi River (such as Fort Rosalie ); it became the dominant city and trading post of the area. The French call the wider territory "New France"; Spain continues to claim parts of the Gulf coast region (east of Mobile Bay) of southern Alabama today, in addition to the entire Florida region today.

During the 18th century, this region was dominated by Spanish, French and British colonial governments. The colonists imported African slaves as laborers. Under the rule of France and Spain, there developed a class of color-free people (gens de couleur libres), most of the multiracial descendants of Europeans and enslaved women, and their children. In the early days of the French and Spanish colonists were the main people. Even as more and more European women join the settlements, the men have racial unity among African women (and more and more, multiracial descendants), both before and after marriage with European women. Often the Europeans will help their multiracial children be educated or get an apprenticeship for trade, and sometimes they complete their property; they often free the mothers and their children if enslaved, as part of the plaÃÆ'§age contract. With this social capital, the color-free people become artisans, and sometimes educated merchants and property owners, forming the third class among the most enslaved Europeans and Africans in French and Spanish settlements, although not so large free as in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. Following the victory of Great Britain in the War of France and India (The Seven Year War), France surrendered the territory of Mississippi to them under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763). They also surrendered their territory northward to the east of the Mississippi River, including the State of Illinois and Quebec. After the Peace of Paris (1783), the lower third of Mississippi came under Spanish control as part of West Florida. In 1819 the United States completed the purchase of West Florida and all of East Florida in the Adams-OnÃÆ's Treaty, and in 1822 both merged into the Florida Region.

United States Region

After the American Revolution (1765-83), the British surrendered this area to the new United States. The Mississippi Territory was held on April 7, 1798, from the territory submitted by Georgia and South Carolina to the United States. Their original colonial chapters are theoretically extended to the west to the Pacific Ocean. The Mississippi area was then expanded twice to include disputed territories claimed by the United States and Spain.

From 1800 to about 1830, the United States bought some land (Stand Doak Agreement) from Native American tribes for the new European settlement; they are mostly migrants from other Southern countries, especially Virginia and North Carolina, where the land is gone. On September 27, 1830, the Dancing Agreement of Rabbit Creek was signed between the US Government and Choctaw. The Choctaw agreed to sell their traditional homelands in Mississippi and Alabama, for compensation and removal for bookings in the Territory of India (now Oklahoma). This opens up land for sale to European-American immigrant settlements. Article 14 of the treaty allows Choctaws who choose to remain in the state to become US citizens, the second major non-European ethnic group to do so (the Cherokee family is the first). Today about 9,500 Choctaw live in the counties of Neshoba, Newton, Leake, and Jones. The federally recognized tribes include the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians.

Many slave owners take slaves with them or buy them through the domestic slave trade, especially in New Orleans. Through trade, nearly one million slaves were transported to the Deep South, including Mississippi, in a forced internal migration that destroyed many of the slave families in Upper South, where the growers were selling excessive slaves. The South imposed the law of slavery and restricted the right of free blacks, in their view of white supremacy.

Beginning in 1822, slaves in Mississippi were protected by law from cruel and unusual punishment by their owners. The southern slave code makes a deliberate killing as an illegal slave in many cases. For example, the case of Mississippi 1860 Oliver v. State accused the defendant by killing his own slave.

Statehood, 1817-1861

On December 10, 1817, Mississippi was the 20th state accepted in the Union. David Holmes was elected the first state governor. At that time, the country was still occupied as an ancestral land by several Native American tribes, including the Choctaw, Natchez, Houma, Creek, and Chickasaw tribes.

Plantations are developed mainly along large rivers, where beaches provide access to major transport routes. This is also where the early cities were developed, linked by steamers carrying commercial products and crops to the market. The remains of native American ancestral lands were largely undeveloped but were sold through agreement until 1826 when Choctaw and Chickasaws refused to sell more land. The combination of the Mississippi state legislative abolition of the Choctaw Tribal Government in 1829, the President of Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act and the 1830 Daven Rabbit Creek Agreement, Choctaw were effectively forced to sell their land and transported to the Oklahoma Territory. Forced migration of Choctaw, along with other southeast tribes removed as a result of the Act, is known as the Jeep Traces.

When cotton became king during the 1850s, Mississippi planters - especially those from the central regions of the Delta and Black Belt - became rich due to the high fertility of the soil, the high price of cotton on the international market, and the free labor it gained. through their enslavement to the people of Africa. They use profits to buy more cotton soil and more slaves. The planters' dependence on the hundreds of thousands of slaves for labor and the severe wealth imbalance among whites, played a strong role both in the country's politics and in the support of the planters to secede. The state is a little bit settled, with the population concentrated in riverside areas and towns.

In 1860, the enslaved African-American population numbered 436,631 or 55% of the country's total of 791,305. There are less than 1000 free color people. The relatively low state population before the Civil War reflects the fact that land and villages are only developed along the banks of rivers, which form the main transport corridors. Ninety percent of the Delta's lower plains are borders and undeveloped. The state needs more settlers for development, while the soil further away from the river is cleared by people released during Reconstruction and then.

Civil War into the 20th century

On January 9, 1861, Mississippi became the second country to declare its separation from the Union, and it was one of the founding members of the Confederate State. The first six breakaway countries are those with the highest number of slaves. During the war, Union forces and Confederates fought for dominance on the Mississippi River, which was essential to supply routes and trade. More than 80,000 Mississippians fought in the Civil War, and the victims were very heavy. The long rally of Union General Ulysses S. Grant in Vicksburg finally gained Union control over the river in 1863.

In the postwar period, people were free to resign from white-run churches to set up independent sessions. The majority of blacks leave Southern Baptist Church, reducing their membership sharply. They created an independent black Baptist congregation. By 1895 they had established many associations of black Baptist countries and the National Baptist Convention on black churches.

In addition, independent black denominations, such as the African Episcopal Methodist Church (founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) and the African Methodist Episcopal Sion Episcopal Church (founded in New York City), sent missionaries to the South in the postwar years. They quickly attracted hundreds of thousands of new converts and established new churches in the South. Southern trials bring their own influence to those denominations as well.

During Reconstruction, the first Mississippi Constitution convention in 1868, with black and white delegates, framed a constitution whose main elements would be maintained for 22 years. The convention was the first political organization in the state to include an African-American representative, 17 out of 100 members (32 districts had a black majority at the time). Some of the black delegates were free, but others were educated by free black blacks who had migrated from the North. It adopts universal suffrage; eliminating property qualifications for suffrage or for office, changes that also benefit blacks and whites poor; provided for the country's first public school system; prohibit racial differences in property ownership and inheritance; and are prohibited from restricting civil rights in transit. Under the terms of the Reconstruction, Mississippi was returned to Union on 23 February 1870.

Because the Mississippi Delta contains so many undeveloped lowland areas before the Civil War, 90 percent of the land is still a border. After the Civil War, tens of thousands of migrants were attracted to the area by higher wages offered by planters trying to develop land. In addition, black and white workers can earn money by clearing land and raising timber, and eventually progressing to ownership. The new peasants included many independent people, who attained a very high level of land ownership in the lower plains of Mississippi at the end of the 19th century. In the 1870s and 1880s, many black farmers managed to gain ownership of the land.

Around the beginning of the 20th century, two thirds of the Mississippi farmers who owned the land in the Delta were African Americans. Many become overwhelmed with debt during the price of cotton that fell in difficult years at the end of the 19th century. Cotton prices declined for decades after the Civil War. When other agricultural depressions lowered cotton prices into the 1890s, however, many African-American farmers eventually had to sell their land to pay off debts, thereby losing the land they had developed with personal labor.

The Democrats regained state legislative control in 1875, after a year of widespread violence against blacks and white intimidation in what was called a "white line" campaign, based on the affirmation of white supremacy. The white democrats became well armed and formed paramilitary organizations such as the Red Shirts to suppress the black vote. From 1874 until the election of 1875, they pressured whites to join the Democratic Party, and perpetrated violence against blacks in at least 15 known "riots" in towns across the state to intimidate blacks and suppress voting they. They killed a total of 150 blacks, although other estimates put the toll at twice as many. Three white and five white Democrats were reported dead. In rural areas, black deaths can be covered up. The unrest (better described as a black massacre) took place in Vicksburg, Clinton, Macon, and in their country, while white armed men broke up in black meetings and punished the known black leaders, destroying political organizations local. Seeing this deliberate success of the "Mississippi Plan", South Carolina and other countries followed it and also achieved white dominance. In 1877 the last federal troops were withdrawn from the territory.

Even in this neighborhood, black Mississippians continue to be elected to the local office. However, blacks were deprived of all political power after white legislators issued a new state constitution in 1890 specifically to "eliminate negro from politics", according to state Democrat governor James K. Vardaman. It established barriers to voter registration and election provisions that effectively deprived most of the Mississippians blacks and many poor whites. It is estimated that 100,000 blacks and 50,000 whites were excluded from voter turnouts in the state over the next few years.

The loss of political influence contributed to the difficulties African Americans in their efforts to get the credit extended by the end of the 19th century. Together with the imposition of Jim Crow laws and racial segregation laws, white people do increase the level of destruction of black people, mostly men, starting in the 1890s and continued until 1930. Crops failed due to beetle boll cotton bush and the great flood consecutive participated in 1912 and 1913 created a crisis situation for many African Americans. With control of the ballot box and more access to credit, farmers buy the white planter like it, expanding their holdings in the plains below the Delta. They also take advantage of the new rail-sponsored by the state.

20th century to present

In 1900, blacks made up more than half the population of the state. By 1910, the majority of black farmers in the Delta had lost their land and became farmers for the results. In 1920, the third generation after freedom, most African-Americans in Mississippi were landless workers facing poverty. Beginning around 1913, tens of thousands of black Americans left Mississippi to the North in the Great Migration to industrial cities such as St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Philadelphia, and New York. They seek employment, better education for their children, the right to vote, the relative freedom of discrimination, and a better life. In the migration of 1910-1940, they left a society that had closed the opportunity steadily. Most migrants from Mississippi take direct trains north to Chicago and often settle near the former neighbors.

Blacks also face violence in the form of capital punishment without trial, shootings, and arson. In 1923, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People declared "Negroes feel that life is not safe in Mississippi and life can be taken with immunity anytime under the slightest pretext or provocation by whites".

At the beginning of the 20th century, several industries were established in Mississippi, but jobs were generally confined to whites, including child labor. The lack of employment also encouraged some southern white men to the north to cities like Chicago and Detroit, looking for a job, where they also competed with European immigrants. The state relies on agriculture, but mechanization keeps many agricultural workers from working.

In 1900, many white preachers, especially in cities, who subscribed to the Social Gospel movement, were attempting to apply Christian ethics to the social and economic needs of the day. Many support the Prohibition, believing it will help alleviate and prevent many sins.

The African-American Baptist Church grew to include more than twice the number of members as their white Baptist colleagues. The African-American call for social equations reverberated throughout the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II in the 1940s.

The Second Great Migration from the South began in the 1940s, which lasted until 1970. Nearly half a million people left Mississippi in the second migration, three-quarters of them were black. Nationally during the first half of the 20th century, African-Americans became rapidly urbanized and many worked in industry. The Second Big Migration includes destinations in the West, especially California, where the buildup of the defense industry offers higher paying jobs to African-Americans and whites.

Blacks and whites in Mississippi produce a rich and basic American musical tradition: gospel music, country music, jazz, blues and rock and roll. All were created, enacted or greatly developed by Mississippi musicians, many of them African Americans, and mostly from the Mississippi Delta. Many musicians take their music north to Chicago, where they make it the city's jazz and blues center.

So many African-Americans who abandoned the Great Migration after the 1930s, they became a minority in Mississippi. In 1960 they accounted for 42% of the state's population. The white people maintained their discriminatory voter registration process established in 1890, preventing most blacks from voting, even if they were highly educated. The court challenge did not work until the end of this century. After World War II, African-American veterans returned with a new commitment to be treated as full citizens of the United States and increasingly organized to get the enforcement of their constitutional rights.

The Civil Rights Movement has many roots in religion, and a strong church community helps provide volunteers and moral goals for their activism. Mississippi is an activity center, based in black churches, to educate and register black voters, and work for integration. In 1954, the state has established the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, a tax-backed body headed by the Governor, claiming to work for the country's image but effectively spying on activists and passing on information to the local White Citizens to suppress black activism.. The White Citizens Council has been established in many cities and towns to reject school integration after the 1954 Supreme Court of the United States (Brown's Council of Education) declared that the separation of public schools is unconstitutional. They use intimidation and economic blackmail against suspected activists and activists, including teachers and other professionals. Techniques include job loss and expulsion from rental housing.

In the summer of 1964 students and community organizers from across the country came to help register black voters in Mississippi and founded the School of Freedom. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party was formed to challenge the Southern South Democratic Party which is all white. Most white politicians resist such change. The Ku Klux Klan chapters and sympathizers used violence against activists, notably the killing of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner in 1964 during the Independence Summer campaign. This was the catalyst for the Congress section the following year of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Mississippi gained a reputation in the 1960s as a reactionary state.

After decades of repeal, African Americans gradually began to exercise their right to vote again for the first time since the nineteenth century, following the passage of federal civil rights law in 1964 and 1965, which ended > de jure segregation and constitutional rights imposed. African-American voter registration increased and black candidates ran in the 1967 elections for state and local offices. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party fielded several candidates. Master Robert G. Clark of Holmes County was the first African American to be elected to the State Building since the Reconstruction. He continued as the only African American in the state legislature until 1976 and repeatedly elected to the 21st century, including three terms as Chairman of the House.

In 1966, the state was the last country to repeal official liquor bans across the state. Before that, Mississippi had taxed the illegal alcohol brought by the cigarette harvester. Governor Paul Johnson urged revocation and the sheriff "stormed the Mardi Gras Junior League ball at the Jackson Country Club, opened the liquor cabinet and carried Champagne before a group of high-rising nobles and state officials."

On August 17, 1969, Category 5 Hurricane Camille hit the Mississippi coast, killing 248 people and causing damage of US $ 1.5 billion (1969 US dollars).

In 1987, 20 years after the US Supreme Court decided in 1967 Loving v. Virginia that the same unconstitutional Virginian law, Mississippi lifted its ban on racial marriage (also known as miscegenation), which was enacted in 1890. It also lifted the segregation-era poll tax in 1989. In 1995, the state symbolically ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which had abolished slavery in 1865. Although ratified in 1995, the state never officially notified US archivists, who continued unofficial ratification until 2013, when Ken Sullivan contacted the office of the Mississippi State Secretary, Delbert Hosemann, who agreed to file a document and make it official. In 2009, the legislature passed a bill to repeal other discriminatory civil rights laws, which were enacted in 1964, the same year as the federal Civil Rights Act, but decided unconstitutional in 1967 by a federal court. Republican Governor Haley Barbour signed the bill into law.

The end of legal segregation and Jim Crow led to the integration of several churches, but most of today are still divided according to racial and cultural lines, having developed different traditions. After the Civil War, most African-Americans left the white churches to establish their own independent congregations, especially Baptist churches, establishing state associations and national associations by the end of this century. They want to express their own tradition of worship and practice. In more diverse communities, such as Hattiesburg, some churches have multiracial congregations.

On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina, despite a Category 3 hurricane on the mainland, caused greater damage throughout 90 miles (145 km) from the Gulf Coast Mississippi from Louisiana to Alabama.

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Demographics

The Mississippi population center is located in Leake County, in the town of Lena.

The US Census Bureau estimates that the Mississippi population is 2,992,333 as of July 1, 2015, an increase of 0.84% ​​since the 2010 US Census. State economists characterize the country as a losing population because the job market elsewhere has caused 3.2 per 1,000 for migrated recently.

From 2000 to 2010, the US Census Bureau reported that Mississippi had the highest rates of increase in people identifying as mixed race, up 70 percent over the past decade; the number reaches 1.1 percent of the population. In addition, Mississippi led the nation for most of the last decade in the growth of mixed marriages among its inhabitants. The total population has not increased significantly, but is still young. Some of the above changes in identification as a mixed race are due to new births. However, it seems largely to reflect the population that has chosen to identify as more than one race, which in previous years may have been identified by only one ethnicity. Binary racial systems have existed since the days of slavery and the days of racial segregation. In the era of civil rights, people of African descent united in an inclusive community to achieve political power and gain the restoration of their civil rights.

As demography William Frey noted, "In Mississippi, I think it [identifies as a mixed race] changing from within." Historically in Mississippi, after the abolition of India in the 1830s, large groups were defined as blacks (African Americans), most of whom were enslaved, and white (mainly European Americans). Matthew Snipp, also a demographer, commented on the improvement of the 21st century in the number of people identifying as more than one race: "In a sense, they make a more accurate portrait of their racial heritage that in the past would have been suppressed."

Having consisted of a majority of the population of the country since before the Civil War and up to the 1930s, today African Americans make up about 37 percent of the state population. Most had their enslaved ancestors, many of whom were forcibly transported from the Upper South in the 19th century to work on new plantations in the area. Some of these slaves were a mixed race, with European ancestors, because there were many children born from slavery to white fathers. Some also have native American ancestors. During the first half of the 20th century, a total of nearly 400,000 African Americans left the country during the Great Migration, for opportunities in the North, the Middle West and the West. They became a minority in the state for the first time since its inception.

The state already has a conservative law relating to sexuality. The state sodomy law criminalizes consensual sex between adults of the same sex until 2003 (but rarely enacted), when the law was overturned by the Supreme Court case Lawrence v. Texas . In 2004, voters in Mississippi approved Amendment 1, amending the state constitution to ban same-sex marriage; the measure was ratified with 86% of the vote, the highest margin of victory in the country. This law was revoked by Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), the US Supreme Court ruling makes same-sex marriage a constitutional right.

Despite the conservative laws, same-sex couples form families in the state. According to the 2010 census, about 33% of households led by same-sex couples in Mississippi included at least one child, the highest percentage in the country.

Ancestor

At the 2010 US census, the racial makeup of the population is:

• 59.1% White American (58.0% non-Hispanic whites, 1.1% Hispanic White)
• 37.0% African American or Black
• 0.5% American Indians and Alaskan Native
• 0.9% Asian Americans
• 1.1% American Multiracial
• 1.4% More

Ethnically, 2.7% of the total population, among all racial groups, comes from Hispanic or Latino (they may be of any race). In 2011, 53.8% of Mississippi residents younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning that they had at least one non-Hispanic non-white parent. For more information on racial and ethnic classification in the United States, see race and ethnicity in the US Census.

Scottish, British and Scottish Americans are present throughout the state. It is believed that there are more people with such ancestors than those identified in the census, in part because their fathers' ancestors are further away in their family history. English, Scottish, and Scottish-Irish are generally the most unreported ancestral groups in both the South Atlantic and Southern Middle Eastern States. Historian David Hackett Fischer estimates that at least 20% of the population of Mississippi is an English ancestor, although the numbers may be much higher, and the other large percentage are of Scottish descent. Many Mississippians of such ancestors identify only as Americans in the questionnaire, since their families have been in North America for centuries. In the 1980 census 656,371, Mississippians of the total of 1,946,775 identified as British descent, making them 38% of the country at the time.

Countries in 2010 have the highest proportion of African Americans in the country. The percentage of African-American population has begun to increase primarily because the population is younger than the whites (the total fertility rate of the two races is approximately equal). Because white settlement patterns place their children in private schools, in almost all of Mississippi's public school districts, the majority of students are African Americans. African Americans are the majority ethnic group in the northwest Yazoo Delta, and the southwest and central parts of the country. This is an area where, historically, African-Americans have land as peasants in the nineteenth century after the Civil War, or work in cotton and agricultural plantations.

The French Creole people formed the largest demographic group in Hancock County on the Gulf Coast. African-American; Choctaw, mostly in Neshoba County; and parts of the Chinese-American population are also almost entirely native born.

The Chinese came to Mississippi as contract laborers from Cuba during the 1870s, with others from mainland China in the nineteenth century. The majority who entered the country immigrated directly from China to Mississippi between 1910 and 1930, when they were recruited by the planters as laborers. While most of the first work as farmers for the results, the Chinese work as families to improve their lives. Many become small traders and are mainly merchants in small towns across the Delta. In this role, ethnic Chinese carve a niche in the country between black and white, where they are concentrated in the Delta. These small towns have declined since the end of the 20th century, and many ethnic Chinese have joined the exodus to the big cities, including Jackson. Their population in the state as a whole has increased in the 21st century.

In the early 1980s many Vietnamese people immigrated to Mississippi and other states along the Gulf of Mexico, where they were employed in fishing-related jobs.

Language

In 2000, 96.4% of Mississippi residents aged five years and older spoke only English at home, a decline from 97.2% in 1990. English is mostly South American English, with some South Midland speeches in Mississippi north and east. There is no general end/r/and the lengthening and weakening of diphthongs/a?/And/??/as in 'rises' and 'oil'. The term South Midland in northern Mississippi includes: tow sack, dog iron (andirons), plum peach (clingstone peach), snake doctor (dragonfly), and rock wall (rock fence).

Religion

Under French and Spanish rule that began in the 17th century, European colonists were mostly Roman Catholics. The growth of cotton culture after 1815 brought tens of thousands of Anglo-American settlers each year, most of them Protestants from the southeastern states. Because of such migration, there is a rapid growth in the number of Protestant churches, mainly Methodists, Presbyterians and Baptists.

The rise of the Great Awakening in the late 18th and early 19th centuries initially attracted "ordinary folk" by reaching out to all members of society, including women and blacks. Both slaves and blacks were freely welcomed to Methodist and Baptist churches. Independent black Baptist church was founded before 1800 in Virginia, Kentucky, South Carolina and Georgia, and later developed in Mississippi as well.

In the post-Civil War years, religion became more influential when the South became known as the "Bible Belt".

Since the 1970s, fundamentalist conservative churches have grown rapidly, fueling the conservative political tendencies of the Mississippi among whites. In 1973, the Presbyterian Church in America attracted many conservative congregations. In 2010 Mississippi remains a denominational faction, which was originally brought by Scottish immigrants. The state had the highest PCA compliance rate in 2010, with 121 congregations and 18,500 members. These are some states where PCA has a higher membership than PC (US). According to the Association of Religious Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010 the Southern Baptist Convention has 907,384 followers and is the largest denomination of religion in the state, followed by United Methodist Church with 204,165, and the Roman Catholic Church with 112,488. Other religions have little presence in Mississippi; in 2010, there were 5,012 Muslims; 4,389 Hindus; and 816 BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ'.

Public opinion polls have consistently placed Mississippi as the most religious country in the United States, with 59% of Mississippi residents saying they are "very religious". The same survey also found that 11% of the population is non-religious. In a 2009 Gallup poll, 63% of Mississippi residents said they attended church every week or almost every week - the highest percentage of all states (the US average was 42%, and the lowest percentage in Vermont was 23%). Another 2008 Gallup poll found that 85% of Mississippi residents considered religion an important part of their daily lives, the highest among all states (65% US average).

Birth data

Note: The births in the table do not increase, as Hispanics are well-counted by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall score.

• Since 2016, birth data of Hispanic White origin are not collected, but belong to one group; people from Hispanics may come from any race.

LGBT

The US Census 2010 counted 6,286 unmarried households with unmarried couples in Mississippi, an increase of 1,512 since the 2000 census in the United States. 33% contain at least one child, giving Mississippi the difference leading the nation in the percentage of same-sex couples who raise children. Mississippi has the largest percentage of African-American couples among the total households. The state capital, Jackson, ranks tenth in the country in the concentration of same-sex African-American couples. The country ranks fifth in the country in the percentage of same-sex Hispanic couples among all Hispanic and ninth households in the highest concentration of same-sex couples who are seniors. With the passing of HB 1523 in April 2016, from July it became legal in Mississippi to refuse to serve same-sex couples, based on one's religious beliefs. The bill has been the subject of controversy. A federal judge blocked the law in July, but was challenged and the federal appeals court ruled in favor of the law in October 2017.

src: www.gannett-cdn.com

Health

The state is ranked 50th or the last place among all states for health care, according to the Commonwealth Fund, a nonprofit foundation working to advance the performance of the health care system.

Mississippi has the highest infant and neonatal mortality rate in any U.S. state. The age-adjusted data also shows that Mississippi has the highest overall mortality rate, and the highest mortality rate from heart disease, hypertension and hypertensive renal disease, influenza and pneumonia.

In 2011, Mississippi (and Arkansas) had the fewest dentists in the United States.

For three consecutive years, more than 30 percent of the population of Mississippi has been classified as obese. In a 2006 study, 22.8 percent of state children were classified as such. Mississippi has the highest obesity rate in any US state from 2005 to 2008, and also the country's first rank for high blood pressure, diabetes, and inactive adults. In a 2008 study of African-American women, contributing risk factors were demonstrated: lack of knowledge about body mass index (BMI), dietary behavior, physical activity and lack of social support, defined as motivation and encouragement by friends. A 2002 report on African American adolescents recorded a 1999 survey showing that one-third of children are obese, with a higher ratio for those in the Delta.

The study stresses that "obesity begins in childhood until adolescence and then matures." It notes barriers to the modification of necessary behavior, including Delta likely to be "the most underserved territory in the country" with major African American ethnic groups; lack of accessibility and availability of medical care; and about 60% of the population live below the poverty line. An additional risk factor is that most schools do not have a physical education curriculum and nutritional education are not emphasized. The previous intervention strategy may be largely ineffective because it is not culturally sensitive or practical. A survey in 2006 found nearly 95 percent of adults in Mississippi considered child obesity a serious problem.

src: visitmississippi.org

Economy

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the country's total product of Mississippi in 2010 was $ 98 billion. GDP growth is 0.5 percent in 2015 and is expected to be 2.4 in 2016, according to Dr. Darrin Webb, the state's chief economist, who noted it will make positive growth two years in a row since the recession. Personal income per capita in 2006 was $ 26,908, the lowest per capita personal income of any state, but the country also has the lowest living costs in the country. Data 2015 records personal earnings per capita adjusted at $ 40,105. Mississippians consistently rank as one of the highest per capita in charitable contributions.

At 56 percent, the country has one of the lowest labor force participation rates in the country. About 70,000 disabled adults are 10 percent of the workforce.

Mississippi ranks as one of the poorest countries linked to its dependence on cotton farming before and after the Civil War, the final development of the plains below its border in the Mississippi Delta, repeatedly disastrous natural disasters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that required massive. capital investment in embankments, and ditching and draining the lower ground, and slowing the construction of railroads to connect lowland and river cities. Moreover, when the Democrats regained control of the state legislature, they passed the 1890 constitution that did not encourage the development of the corporate industry for rural agriculture, a legacy that would slow the country's progress for years.

Before the Civil War, Mississippi was the fifth richest country in the country, its wealth produced by slave labor in the cotton plantations along the river. Slaves are counted as properties and the cotton market rise since the 1840s has increased their value. By 1860, the majority - 55 percent - of the population of Mississippi were enslaved. Ninety percent of the lower plains of the Delta have not developed and the country has a low overall population density.

In large part due to the dominance of the plantation economy, focused on agricultural cotton production, the state elite is reluctant to invest in infrastructure such as roads and railways. They educate their children privately. Industrialization did not reach many areas until the end of the 20th century. The planting aristocracy, the pre-war Mississippi elite, made the low tax structure for their own benefit, making only personal improvement. Before the war, the most successful planters, such as Confederate President Jefferson Davis, owned a property along the river along the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers in the Mississippi Delta. Away from the banks of the river, most of the Delta is an undeveloped border.

During the Civil War, 30,000 Mississippi soldiers, mostly white, died of injuries and sickness, and many more were left paralyzed and injured. Changes in the structure of labor and agricultural depression throughout the South caused great losses in wealth. In 1860 the assessment of properties assessed in Mississippi had been over $ 500 million, of which $ 218 million (43 percent) was estimated as the value of slaves. In 1870, total assets decreased in value to about $ 177 million.

Poor white skin and former landless slaves suffered the most from the postwar economic depression. The preliminary constitutional convention of 1868 appointed a committee to recommend what it would take to liberate the state and its citizens. The committee found severe poverty among the working class. It took years for the country to build a damaged dike in battle. The turmoil of the commodity system impoverished the country after the war. By 1868, cotton growing plants were beginning to show the possibility for free labor in the state, but the plant of 565,000 bales produced in 1870 was still less than half the pre-war figures.

Blacks clean up land, sell timber and develop undeveloped land to achieve ownership. By 1900, two thirds of the owners of the fields in Mississippi were blacks, a great achievement for them and their families. Due to the bad economy, the low price of cotton, and the difficulty of getting credit, many of these farmers can not get through the long financial difficulties. Two decades later, the majority of African Americans are profit-sharing farmers. Low cotton prices in the 1890s meant that more than a generation of African-Americans lost their work when they had to sell their farms to pay off accumulated debts.

After the Civil War, the state refused years of building up human capital by fully educating all its citizens. Additionally, dependence on agriculture is becoming more expensive as the country suffers from crop losses due to the destruction of the boll beetles of the early 20th century, severe floods in 1912-1913 and 1927, falling cotton prices after 1920, and drought in 1930.

It was not until 1884, after the 1882 flood, that the state created the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta District Levee Board and began successfully achieving long-term plans for the embankment in the upper Delta. Despite building the country and strengthening the dikes for many years, the Great Flood of Mississippi in 1927 broke through and caused massive floods of 27,000 square miles (70,000 km ² ) across Delta, homeless for hundreds of thousands, and millions dollars in property damage. With the Depression coming so soon after the flood, the country suffered greatly during those years. In the Great Migration, hundreds of thousands of African-Americans migrate to the North and West for jobs and opportunities to live as full citizens.

Entertainment and tourism

The 1990 legislative decision to legalize casino gambling along the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast has led to an increase in income and economic benefits for the country. Gambling towns in Mississippi have attracted an increase in tourism: they include Bay Bay resort towns, St. Louis, Gulfport and Biloxi, and the cities of the Mississippi River, Tunica (the third largest game area in the United States), Greenville, Vicksburg, and Natchez..

Before Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast, Mississippi was the second largest gambling country in the Union, after Nevada and ahead of New Jersey. An estimated $ 500,000 per day in tax revenues lost after Hurricane Katrina's severe damage to several beach casinos in Biloxi in August 2005. Due to the devastation of this storm, on October 17, 2005, Governor Haley Barbour signed a law into a law allowing casinos in Hancock and Harrison County to rebuild on land (but within 800 feet (240 m) of water). The only exception is in Harrison County, where a new law states that casinos can be built on the US Route's 90th southern border.

In 2012, Mississippi has the sixth largest gambling revenue of any country, with $ 2.25 billion. The legally recognized Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians has set up gambling casinos in reservations, which generate revenues to support education and economic development.

Mississippi Momentum, a state, public-private partnership dedicated to the development of economic opportunities and employment in Mississippi, was adopted in 2005.

Manufacturing

Mississippi, like the rest of the southern neighbor, is a working state. It has several major automotive factories, such as the Toyota Mississippi Plant in Blue Springs and the Nissan Automotive factory in Canton. The latter produces the Nissan Titan.

Taxation

Mississippi collects personal income taxes in three tax brackets, ranging from 3% to 5%. The retail sales tax rate in Mississippi is 7%. Tupelo imposed a local sales tax of 2.5%. The growth of the country's sales tax is 1.4 percent by 2016 and is expected to be slightly less by 2017. For the purpose of appraisal for the ad valorem tax, the taxable property is divided into five classes.

On August 30, 2007, a report by the US Census Bureau showed that Mississippi was the poorest country in the country. The main cotton farmers in the Delta have large mechanical plantations, and they receive most of the subsidies f

Source of the article : Wikipedia