A flying saucer (also referred to as "a flying disc ") is a descriptive term for the type of aircraft suspected of having a disc or a platter-shaped body, commonly used to refer to the anomaly flying object. The term was coined in 1930 but has generally been superseded since 1952 by the United States Air Force, unidentified flying object or UFO. The previously unknown invention of the "flying saucer" usually describes them as silver or metal, sometimes reported as being covered with navigation lights or surrounded by glowing lights, drifting or moving fast, either alone or in tight formations with other similar crafts, and shows high maneuverability.
While disc-shaped objects have been interpreted as sporadically recorded since the Middle Ages, the first recorded use of the term "flying saucer" for unidentified flying objects is to illustrate the possibility of meteors falling over Texas and Oklahoma on June 17, 1930. "Some who saw a strange light describing it as a great comet, flying saucer, big red light, fireball. " The term "flying saucer" has been used since 1890 to describe the goal of shooting clay pigeons, which resemble classic UFO shapes.
Observations published by Kenneth Arnold on June 24, 1947, resulted in the popularity of the term "flying saucers" by US newspapers. Although Arnold never specifically used the term "flying saucer", he was quoted as saying the shape of the object he saw as a "plate", "dish", or "pie plate", and a few years later added he also said "moving objects like a plate that jumps over water. " The two terms flying saucers and flying discs were used publicly and alternately in the media until the early 1950s.
The appearance of Arnold is followed by thousands of similar sightings around the world. Such sightings were once very common, such that the "flying saucer" was a synonym for UFOs during the 1960s before it began to be disliked. Many cigar-shaped UFO sightings reportedly followed suit. Recently, most flying saucers have been replaced by other allegedly UFO-related vehicles, such as the black triangle. The term UFO, in fact, was discovered in 1952, to try to reflect the wider variety of visible shapes. However, items such as unknown plates are still being reported, as in the widely publicized 2006 appearances over Chicago-O'Hare airport.
Many photographs of alleged flying saucers from the present era are believed to be hoaxes. Flying saucers are now considered to be icons of the 1950s and B-movies in particular, and are a popular subject in comic science fiction.
Beyond the general usage of the phrase, there are also artificial crafts that resemble man-made ones. The first flying disc platters were called Discopter and patented by Alexander Weygers in 1944. Other designs have followed, such as the Vought V-173/XF5U "Fly Flapjack" American, GFS Projects British flying saucers, or English "SAUCER" ("Plates Utilizing Reaction Plates Coanda Effect ") flying saucer, by inventor Alf Beharie.
Video Flying saucer
Sightings
An illustrated manuscript of the 10th century Japanese story, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, describes a round flying machine similar to a flying saucer.
The recording of a plate-shaped object is of 1290 silver disks flying over a village in Yorkshire. Flying objects such as discs are sometimes reported throughout the millennium. For example, in a mass observation of Nuremberg in 1561, discs and spheres were reported to emerge from large cylinders (see left wood cut). They are also claimed by ufologists to often appear in religious artwork.
Another well-documented specific comparison from object to plate was the appearance of Kenneth Arnold on June 24, 1947, while Arnold flew near Mount Rainier. He reported seeing 9 light reflecting vehicles, one shaped like a crescent but the other more disc-shaped or a plate, flying in echelon formations, weaving like a kite's tail, flipping and flashing in the sun, and traveling at least 1,200 miles per hour (1,900 km/h). In addition to the shape of a plate or disc (Arnold also uses the term "pie plate" and a half-moon shape), he also later says he describes the movement of the plane as "like a plate if you miss it on water", leading to the term "flying saucer" and also " flying disc "(which is identical for several years).
Immediately after the report, hundreds of object appearances are usually like plates reported across the United States as well as in several other countries. The most widely publicized is the observations by the crew of United Airlines on July 4 of nine disc-shaped objects that pace the plane in Idaho, not far from the initial appearance of Arnold. On July 8, an Air Force base in Roswell, New Mexico issued a press release saying they had found "flying discs" from a nearby farm, called the Roswell UFO incident, which was front page news until the military issued a retraction saying it was a weather balloon.
On July 9, the Air Force Intelligence Directorate, assisted by the FBI, began a secret study of the best flying saucers report, including the crew of Arnold and United Airlines. Three weeks later they released intelligence estimates depicting typical characteristics reported (including that they were often reported as disc-like and metal) and concluded that there was something really wandering about. A follow-up investigation by the Air Material Command at Wright Field, Ohio arrived at the same conclusion. An official study of the widespread government about the placemat was urged by General Nathan Twining. This led to the formation of Project Signs (also known as Project Saucer) at the end of 1947, the first general UFO Air Force research. It evolved into Project Grudge (1949-1951) and then Project Blue Book (1952-1970).
The term "flying saucer" quickly became very ingrained in English. A Gallup poll from August 1947 found that 90% had heard of mysterious flying saucers or flying discs, and a Gallup 1950 poll found that 94% of those surveyed had heard the term, easily defeating all the terms commonly used in the news such as "Cold War", "universal military training", and "bookie."
Air Force statistics show that the platter-bottom shape continued to be the most commonly reported through the 1950s and 1960s until the Blue Book Project ended in 1970. There are some claims, still undocumented by scientific research, that reports of plates began to decline at 1970s, replaced by other crafts such as black triangle, cylinder, and amorphous form. It has also been confirmed that despite the increase in portable cameras, the photographs shrank as the Cold War and Space Flower Race flowers dropped and a number of important images were exposed as fake.
Maps Flying saucer
Description
In addition to the extraterrestrial hypothesis, various possible explanations for flying saucers have been put forward. One of the most common states that most of the photographs of the placemat are hoaxes; cylindrical metal objects such as cake tins, hubcaps, and trash cans are easy to come by, and the bad focus seen in UFO images makes the actual scale of the object difficult to ascertain. However, some photos and movies are considered original after intensive study. An example is a plate-like object photographed by farmer Paul Trent near Portland, Oregon in 1950, who passed all the tests when studied by the Condon Committee in the 1960s.
Another theory suggests that most are natural phenomena such as lenticular clouds and balloons, which look like discs in some lighting conditions.
The third theory puts all the apparitions of plates into a form of mass hysteria. Arnold describes the plane he saw as a plate but not perfectly round (he describes it as thin, flat, rounded in front but cut behind and to a certain point), but the image of the round plate remains in the public consciousness.. This theory argues that the use of the term flying saucer in popular culture declines, so does sightings.
Long before Kenneth Arnold was spotted in 1947 and the adoption of the term "flying saucer" by the public, the depiction of plane-shaped planes or spacecraft has appeared in the popular press, since 1911. In particular, commentators like Milton Rothman have noted the emergence of the concept of "flying saucers "in the fantasy artwork of science fiction magazines of the 1930s, by artists such as Frank R. Paul. Frank Wu, a well-known science fiction illustrator, has written:
The point is that the idea of ​​a space vehicle shaped like a flying saucer was printed in the national psyche for many years before 1947, when the Roswell incident took place. It does not take much stretching for the first UFO observer to assume that unidentified objects floating in the sky have the same disc form as a science fiction vehicle.
A scientific and statistical analysis of 3200 Air Force UFO cases by the Battelle Memorial Institute from 1952 to 1954 found that most were caused by natural phenomena, about 2% due to hoaxes or psychological effects and only 0.4% estimated due to clouds. Other very small contributors are birds, light phenomena such as mirages or spotlights, and various types such as flares or kites. Most of the objects identified (about 84%) are described as balloons, aircraft, or astronomical objects. However, about 22% of all sightings still defy a reasonable explanation by the team of scientists, and unidentified percentages rose to 33% for witnesses and best cases. So when studied carefully, most reports (given available data) are currently not understood.
Fata Morgana (mirage) and flying saucers
Fata Morgana, a kind of mirage, may be responsible for several sightings of flying saucers, displaying objects that lie underneath the astronomical horizon floating in the sky, and magnifying and distorting them.
Similarly, some unknown people seen on the radar may also be caused by the phenomenon of Fata Morgana's atmosphere, though more technically known as "anomalous propagation" and more commonly as "radar ghosts". Official UFO Investigations in France show:
As is known, atmospheric ducting is an explanation for certain optical mirages, and especially the arctic illusion called "fata morgana" in which oceans or distant surface ice, essentially flat, appear to the viewer in the form of vertical columns and towers, or "castles in the air. " People often think that mirages are rare. This may be true of the optical mirage, but the conditions for the radar mirage are more common, because the role played by water vapor greatly affects atmospheric refraction in relation to radio waves. Because clouds are strongly associated with high water vapor levels, optical mirages due to moisture are often undetectable by the accompanying opaque clouds. On the other hand, radar propagation is essentially unaffected by water droplets from the clouds so that changes in moisture content to altitudes are very effective in producing atmospheric ducting and fatamorgane radars.
Fata Morgana is named as the hypothetical phenomenon of Min Min's mysterious phenomenon.
Man-made flying saucers
The first documented patent for lentikular flying machines was proposed by Romanian inventor Henri Coanda. He created a functional small-scale model flown in 1932 and a patent was granted in 1935. In 1967, Coanda told the symposium hosted by the Romanian Academy:
"The airplanes we have today are nothing more than paper-made toys children use to play in. My opinion is we have to look for a completely different flying machine, based on other flying principles, I consider the plane of the future, which will take off vertically, fly as usual and land vertically.This flying machine should have no passage in motion.The idea comes from the great power of the cyclone. '
Other efforts have been made, with limited success, to produce manned vehicles based on the design of flying saucers. While some, such as Avrocar and M200G Volantor have been produced in limited numbers, most fail to leave the drawing board. Avrocar, with takeoff and vertical landing, was originally intended to replace Jeeps and helicopters in combat situations, but proved inadequate for both. Apart from a strong turbojet, it can not rise more than four or five feet off the ground, that is, from the effects of the soil. Thus, Avrocar can be seen as a prototype for the early generations of hovercraft, less just 'skirt' to make it a truly effective example of its kind. Unmanned pads have more success; Sikorsky Cypher is a plate-shaped UAV that uses a disc-shaped shell to protect the rotor blades.
Several more sophisticated flying saucers capable of spaceflight have been proposed, often as black projects by airlines. The Lenticular Reentry Vehicle is a secret project run by Convair for plate devices that can take astronauts and nuclear weapons into orbit; nuclear powered systems are planned in depth, but are not believed to ever fly. More exotic, British Rail is working on plans for the proposed UK Rail "Rail Vehicle", a craft-based dish based on so far not yet found technologies such as nuclear fusion and superconductivity, which should have been able to transport double passengers between the planets, but never went beyond the stage patent.
There is at least one design that received a US patent in 2005: US. Patent 6,960,975 It is claimed "driven by the pressure of the country's inflation vacuum".
In addition, a professor at the University of Florida has begun work on Wingless Electromagnetic Air Vehicle (WEAV) for NASA which has received public interest due to its coincidence of similarities with flying saucers.
In popular culture
After 1947, the flying saucer quickly became a stereotypical symbol of both extraterrestrials and science fiction, and featured in many mid-twentieth-century science fiction films, including The Atomic Submarine, The Day the Earth Stood Still , Plan 9 from Outer Space , Earth vs. Flying Plates , as well as the television series The Invaders . Because the flying saucer is surpassed by other designs and concepts, it is disliked by direct science fiction filmmakers, but continues to be used ironically in comedy movies, especially in relation to the low-budget B movies that often feature alien-shaped crafts.
MGM, however, provided the film with a high production value of 1956 Forbidden Planet a flying saucer called United Planets Cruiser C-57D , presents a reasonable, faster human exploration from the light of a space ship from the 23rd century. In the 1965-1968 TV show Lost in Space , the Robinson family owns a disk-shaped space ship. Saucers appeared in the 1994-1998 television series Babylon 5 as the standard ship design used by a race called Vree. The aliens in the 1996 film Independence Day attacked mankind in the giant space-shaped ships of the city.
Sleek and silver flying saucers are particularly seen as cultural symbols of the 1950s; This motif is common in Googie architecture and in the atomic age. Images are often triggered retrofuturistically to produce nostalgic nuances in period works, especially in comic science fiction; second Mars Attack! and Destroy All Humans! drawing on a flying saucer as part of a larger satire than a 1950s movie B movie.
The Twilight Zone episodes "The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street", "Third from the Sun", "Death Ship", "To Serve Man", "The Invaders" and "On Thursday We Departed for Home "all use the icon plate Forbidden Planet" .
References
External links
- FBI Special Guy Hottel's scraps
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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