In linguistics, sentence function refers to the speaker's purpose in uttering certain sentences, phrases, or clauses. Whether a listener is present or not is sometimes irrelevant. It answers the question: "Why is this said?" The four basic sentence functions in the world language include declarative , interrogative , exclamative , and imperative . This corresponds to the statement statement, question , exclamation , and respectively. Usually, a sentence changes from one function to the next through a combination of changes in word order, intonation, adding auxiliary or particle, or other time by providing a special verbal form. The four main categories can be further defined as communicative or informative .
Video Sentence function
Komunikatif vs. informatif
While communication is traditionally defined as information transfer, two terms, in this context, are distinguished as follows below:
Communicative sentence
This type of sentence is intended for the benefit of the speaker rather than for potential listeners. They are intended more for the speaker's immediate wants and needs. These sentences tend to be less intentional (because of frustration for example), generally more literal, more primitive, and usually about here and now. Because of these features, it is generally speculated that this is pretty much the basis or boundary of any form of animal communication. (Speculating because scientists will never really be able to understand non-human forms of communication as we do ourselves, though studies with primates "speaking" have made us clear to some degree.)
Exclamatory
Exciting or exciting sentences are issued because, and express strong emotions. They repeatedly feel like an unintentional reaction to the situation, but they can be technically obstructed if necessary. And while exclamatives most often manifest themselves as one or two word interjections, they can also come as the main sentence. They are essentially unfiltered vocalizations of our feelings, and the form of self-talk because they are directed either at the speaker himself or to anyone in particular. In punctuation, the exclamation ends with an exclamation mark.
- Ouch!
- I will never finish this paper in time!
Imperative
The imperative sentence gives anything from a command or command, to requests, directions, or instructions. The imperative sentence is more deliberate than the sentence of the appeal and do requires an audience; because their goal is to get the person handled either to do or not to do something. And although this function is usually associated with a direct temporal environment, its scope can be extended, ie you can instruct someone to quit as soon as you find yourself a job. Negative imperatives can also be referred to as prohibitive and inclusive plural imperatives, hortative . It is debatable whether the imperative is only really possible in the second person. The case of vocative nouns can be said to be an imperative indication as well because it does not seek information, but rather the reaction of the one being discussed. A must may end either in period or an exclamation point depending on the delivery.
Informative sentence
Informative sentences are more for mutual benefit both listeners and speakers, and, in fact, require more interaction between the two parties involved. They are more intentional or planned, less important, more cooperative, and they aim to give or take information, making it a major abstraction. But perhaps the most distinguishing quality that distinguishes the informative sentence from communicative is that the former is more natural and free to utilize displacement. Displacement refers to information lost in space and time that allows us to communicate ideas relating to the past or the future (not just now), and which has taken or can occur in a separate location (from here). To some extent, this is one of the biggest differences between human and other human communication.
Declarative
Declarative sentences are the most common type of sentence in the language, in many situations, and in a way can be regarded as the default function of a sentence. What this means is that when a language modifies a sentence to form a question or gives a command, its basic form will always be declarative. In the most basic sense, the declarative states the idea (either objectively or subjectively on the part of the speaker, and may be right or wrong) for the sole purpose of transferring intel. In writing, a statement will end in a period.
- Red and purple roses are blue.
- He must be crazy.
Interrogative
The interrogative sentence poses the question and hence ends with a question mark. In speech, it almost universally ends with rising inflection. His attempt is to try to collect information that is currently unknown to the interrogator, or to seek validation for a pre-existing idea. In addition to seeking confirmation or contradiction, sometimes it is a sought approval or permission too, among other reasons that can be had to ask a question. The only exception where it is not the necessary information, is when the question occurs to be rhetorical (see all the functional implications below). While the imperative is a call to action, interrogation is a call for information.
- What do you want?
- Are you well?
Maps Sentence function
Declarative vs. affirmative vs. positive
Declarative statements should not be considered identical with affirmative statements. This is because although a declarative statement can state facts (given that the speaker is not consciously lying), it can also reveal something that is not true. The information he provides, regardless of whether it is true or not in reality, is in fact right or wrong for the speaker. Therefore, the declarative can be either affirmative or negative, and we can say that, Joanna is late and Joanna is not late , both technically qualify as declarative sentences.. Declarative refers to the function or purpose of a sentence, while affirmative and negative deal with the truth of the sentence, or grammatical polarity, that's why different terms can be overlapped simultaneously overlap.
Although not as simple as the above misnomer, there is turbidity that can occur between affirmative, positive and positive differences. Although semantically speaking it becomes natural that positive is the opposite of negative , and therefore must be completely identical with affirmative , grammatically, again they tend to be separate entities; depending on the specificity. Positive in linguistic terms refers to the qualities of adjectives or adverbs, while affirmative refers to the perceived validity of the whole sentence .
Thus, the three terms become separate entities, adjectives or adverbs can be at a positive level but expressed in negatives, so the sentence, This Hummer appears to be unfriendly, has all the negative, positive, and declarative.
In fact, a statement, an imperative, and also a question can be in a negative form: I can not do this! , Do not touch me , You do not want to?
All-seuafunctional Implications
There are many instances where sentences can be grammatically formed as a function, but in actual practice, can serve a completely different purpose than suggested by the way it was built; therefore, allofunctional , means' to serve a different purpose than originally intended. Or in other words, it is very subtle but firmly implied by a pragmatic process whose function should be changed to another so that the sentence makes sense in the context of the current conversation.
The classic example would be a "question": Can you skip salt?
In the above sentence, although grammatically structured as a question, it can be concluded quite well that the speaker did not ask whether the person they addressed was physically capable of providing salt at the time of dinnertable or not. What the speaker really wants is to get salt. This is a request, or a call for action that is contrary to the information, thus making the sentence allofunctional (note that adding a word like 'please' will ultimately tend to make this point clearer, and when asked as a question, this request is considered more polite than if it is only in natural necessity). Therefore, what may initially appear to be an interrogative sentence on the initial dispatch, the listener should immediately reinterpret it as imperative and respond accordingly.
Other examples include;
- exciting interrogation (interrogative structure with exclamative function): Why does this continue to happen to me?
- I might say this sentence just to expel my frustration verbally.
- imperative Declarative (declarative structure with imperative function): I will feel more comfortable if you wear your seat belt.
- If I tell you this, I strongly urge you to install a seat belt.
The list goes on, and in fact, all 12 combinations between each of the four functions and three of their other colleagues should be theoretically possible.
Another important point to note is that all the functionality of a sentence is really a special language on how to distinguish functions. To give this example, we can look at English and generalize that imperative sentences, when affirmative, tend to begin with verbs, while proseic declarative sentences almost always begin with the subject (this is because in the imperative, the subject is implied, can be wrong, because that is the subject itself being spoken to). All that counts, we can more clearly see why such statements, you will not go to that bar. (I forbid it) , will qualify as allofunctional.
Other functions
J. L. Austin discusses sentences that have "play powers": pronounce (at least in the right context) directly cause something to happen or happen. For example, "I promise", "I warn", "I forgive" or "I resign". Such speech does not match the traditional sentence function described above.
See also
- Grammatical polarity
- Implicature
- Logic
- The rhetorical question
- Sentences (linguistics)
References
Source
- Laurie E. Rozakis, Full Idiot Guide to Grammar and Style . 2003. ISBNÃ, 978-1-59257-115-4
- George Yule, Language Studies . 2005. ISBNÃ, 978-0-521-54320-0
- Steven Pinker, Instinct Language . 1994 ISBN: 0-06-095833-2
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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