In movie making, video production, animation, and related fields, frames are one of the many still images that compose complete moving images . The term comes from the fact that, from the beginning of modern filmmaking towards the end of the 20th century, and in many places still today, single images have been recorded on the rapidly growing strip of photographic film. , historically; each image on that strip looks like a framed picture when examined individually.
This term can also be used more generally as a noun or verb to refer to the edge of the image as seen in the camera viewfinder or projected on the screen. Thus, the camera operator can be said to keep the car in the frame by panning with it as it passes speed.
Video Film frame
Ikhtisar
When moving images are displayed, each frame is flash on the screen for a short time (currently, usually 1/24, 1/25 or 1/30 sec) and then immediately replaced with the next one. The persistence of the vision blends the frame together, resulting in the illusion of moving images.
Frames are also sometimes used as units of time, so instantaneous events can be said for the last six frames, the actual duration depending on the frame rate of the system, which varies according to the video or film standard used. In North America and Japan, 30 frames per second: (fps) is a broadcast standard, with 24 frames/s now common in production for high definition video capture to look like movies. In most of the world, 25 frames/s is standard.
In systems historically based on the NTSC standard, for reasons originally associated with Chromilog NTSC TV systems, the exact frame rate is actually (3579545/227.5)/525 = 29.97002616 fps. This causes a lot of unknown sync issues outside the NTSC world, and also brings hacks like a drop-frame timecode.
In film projection, 24 fps is the norm, except in some special place systems, such as IMAX, Showscan and IwerksÃ,70, where 30, 48 or even 60 frames/s have been used. Silent film and amateur film 8 mm using 16 or 18 frame/s.
Maps Film frame
Physical movie frame
In film film strips, individual frames are separated by a frame line. Typically, 24 frames are required for one second of the film. In regular movies, frames are photographed automatically, one by one, in movie cameras. In special effects or animated film making, frames are often taken one at a time.
The size of the movie frame varies, depending on the silent movie format or the movie movie format. In the smallest 8 mm amateur format for motion picture films, only about 4.8 x 3.5 mm, while the IMAX frame is 69.6 x 48.5 mm. The larger the frame size in relation to the projection screen size, the sharper the image will appear.
The film film frame size also depends on the location of the hole, the size of the hole, the shape of the hole. and the location and type of voice line.
The most common film format, 35 mm, has a frame size of 36 x 24 mm when used in 35 mm still cameras where the film moves horizontally, but frame size varies when used for films where the film moves vertically (with the exception of VistaVision and Technirama in which the film moves horizontally). Using a 4-perf pulldown, there are exactly 16 frames in a 35mm film foot, which leads to film frames sometimes calculated in terms of "legs and frames". The maximum frame size is 18 x 24 mm, (open/full aperture), but this is significantly reduced by the sound track app. A system called KeyKode is often used to identify certain physical film frames in a production.
Video frame
Historically, video frames are represented as analog waveforms where various voltages represent the intensity of light in analog raster scanning on the screen. The analog discharge interval separates the video frame in the same way as the frame line in the movie. For historical reasons, most systems use interlaced scanning systems where frames usually consist of two video fields sampled over two slightly different time periods. This means that a single video frame is usually not a good still image of the scene, except the scene being photographed is completely silent.
With the dominance of digital technology, modern video systems now represent video frames as rectangular pixel raster, either in RGB color space or color space like YCbCr, and analog waveforms are usually not found elsewhere other than legacy I/O Devices.
Standard for raster digital video frames including Rec. 601 for standard definition television and Rec. 709 for high definition television.
The video frame is usually identified using the SMPTE time code.
Lines and resolutions
This frame consists of drawing elements such as a chessboard. Each horizontal image element is known as a line. The image element in the line is transmitted as a sinus signal in which a pair of dots, one dark and one light can be represented by a sinus. The product of the number of lines and the maximum number of sine signals per line is known as the total frame resolution. The higher the resolution the more faithfully the image is shown to the original image. But higher resolutions introduce technical issues and additional costs. So compromise must be achieved in good system design for satisfactory picture quality and affordable price.
View distance
The key parameter to determine the lowest resolution is still satisfactory for the viewer is the visibility, ie the distance between the eye and the monitor. The total resolution is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. If d is the distance, r is the minimum required resolution and k is a proportionality constant depending on the size of the monitor;
Karena jumlah garis kira-kira sebanding dengan resolusi per baris, hubungan di atas juga dapat ditulis sebagai
where n is the number of rows. That means that the required resolution is proportional to the height of the monitor and inversely proportional to visibility.
Moving image
In moving pictures (TV) the number of frames scanned per second is known as the frame rate. The higher the frame rate, the better the sense of motion. But again, increasing the frame rate introduces technical difficulties. So the frame rate is set at 25 (System B/G) or 29.97 (System M). To improve the sense of motion it is customary to scan the same frame in two successive phases. In each phase only half of the line is scanned; only lines with odd numbers in the first phase and only lines with even numbers in the second phase. Each scan is known as a field. So the field level is twice the frame rate.
Example (System B)
In system B, the number of lines is 625 and the frame rate is 25. The maximum video bandwidth is 5 MHz. The maximum number of sine signal systems theoretically capable of transmission is given as follows:
The system is capable of sending 5 000 000 sine signals in one second. Since the frame rate is 25, the maximum number of sine signals per frame is 200 000. Dividing this number by the number of rows gives the maximum number of sine signals in the 320 line. (Actually about 19% of each line is devoted to additional services.) So the number of sine signals the useful maximum is about 260.)
Still framing
A silent frame is a single static image taken from a movie or video, which is a kinetic (moving) image. The still frame is also called freeze frame , video request, preview or misleading thumbnail, main frame, poster frame, or screen shot/grab/capture/dump. Framing frames are widely used on video platforms and in video galleries, to show viewers or teasers. Many video platforms have a standard for displaying frames from the video's mid-time. Some platforms offer the option to select individual frames individually.
Video and movie artists sometimes use a silent frame in the video/movie to achieve special effects, such as silent frame shots or still motion.
Investigation
For criminal investigations, it has often been used to publish a silent frame of video surveillance to identify suspected persons and to find more witnesses. The 9/11 attack videos have often been framed by frame for various interpretations. For medical diagnostics, it is useful to watch magnetic resonance imaging video frames.
Use of fourth wall
Some of the humor in animation is based on the fourth wall aspect of the movie frame itself, with some animations showing characters leaving what is considered a film edge or a film that does not work. The latter is often used in movies as well. It listens back to some early cartoons, where the characters are aware that they are in the cartoon, specifically that they can see the credit and realize something that is not part of the story as presented. These jokes include:
- Separate frame - Where the fourth wall is broken down by two frames, the bottom of the previous frame and the top of the next frame, displayed at once, usually show the frame line, with jokes involving them including characters across the frame itself.
- Break movies - A well-known form of joke, where the movie is locked or deliberately damaged, with the fourth wall playing playing during this period when, anything on the screen.
- Hair gate - A well-known joke where the animator deliberately puts a fake "gate" in the frame, one of the animated characters picking and removing it from the frame.
- Editorial flags - Where the usual signs used by editors in "print jobs" to indicate the desired existence of a fade or dissolution or "deletion" to the SFX department are animated, and the film follows, or does not, on the desired effect.
- Signs - Where are the signs, are usually circular for non-Technicolor titles and "jagged" for Technicolor titles to show alternate roll changes for funny effects. It can also be used for the famous "false end" effect, which is used even nowadays in popular songs. For Inglourious Basterds , a gesture for the reel change of Nation Pride pseudo-documentary uses a huge, enormous circle with a large "X" written in it - a sign that will never used in actual editorial practice (motor signs and changover signs should be obvious to the projector, but not clear to the audience).
- Out of frame - This joke, an extension of the split joking frame, has a different character from the side of the frame, sometimes finding itself falling out of the cartoon completely.
See also
- Akinetopsia (motion blindness)
- Aspect ratio (image)
- Frame rate
- List of movie formats
- Shot (filmmaking)
- Widescreen
- Freeze frame (disambiguation)
- Mute the television frame
- Movie grammar
- Frame rate
- Frame grabber
- Keyframe
- Slow motion
- Thumbshot
Note
References
External links
- The image area on 35mm film frame
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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