Ghost Story is probably part of any fiction, or any drama, which includes ghosts, or simply assumes the possible premise of ghosts or confidence in the characters in it. The "ghost" may appear on its own accord or be called by magic. Associated with ghosts is the idea of ​​"ghosts", in which the supernatural entity is bound to places, objects or people. Ghost stories are a common example of ghosts.
Everyday language, the term "ghost stories" can refer to any kind of scary story. In a narrow sense, the ghost story has been developed as a short story format, in the fictional genre. This is a form of supernatural fiction and especially strange fiction, and often becomes a horror story.
While ghost stories are often explicitly meant to be frightening, they have been written to serve all sorts of purposes, from comedy to morality. Ghosts often appear in narration as a keeper or prophet of things to come. Trust in ghosts is found in all cultures around the world, and thus ghost stories can be inherited orally or in written form.
Video Ghost story
Histori
The widespread belief about ghosts is that they are made up of foggy, windy, or subtle materials. The anthropologists associate this idea with the initial belief that the ghost is the person in that person (the person's spirit), most noticed in ancient cultures as a person's breath, which when exhaling in a colder climate is evident as a white mist. Trust in ghosts is found in all cultures around the world, and thus ghost stories can be inherited orally or in written form.
The story of a campfire, a form of oral narrative, often involves telling a ghost story, or other frightening story. Some of these stories have been decades old, with various versions in different cultures. Many schools and educational institutions encourage ghost stories as part of the literature.
In 1929, five key features of the English ghost story were identified in "Some Notes on Ghost Stories" by M. R. James. As Frank Coffman summarizes for a course in popular imaginative literature, they are:
- Pretense truth
- "A pleasant terror"
- No bloodshed or sex is unwarranted
- There is no "explanation of the machine"
- Settings: "authors (and readers) own days"
The introduction of a pulp magazine in the early 1900s created a new way for ghost stories to be published, and they also began to appear in publications such as Good Housekeeping and The New Yorker .
Maps Ghost story
Literature
Initial example
Ghosts in the classical world often appear in the form of steam or smoke, but at other times they are described as substantial, appearing as at death, complete with the wound that killed them. The spirits of the dead appear in literature as early as the Homer Odyssey, which features a journey to the underworld and the heroes facing the ghosts of the dead, as well as the Old Testament where the witch of Endor mentions the spirit of the prophet Samuel.
Drama Mostellaria , by the Roman playwright Plautus, is the earliest known work to feature haunted dwellings, and is sometimes translated as The Haunted House . Another early account from the haunted place came from an account by Pliny the Younger (about 50 AD). Pliny describes a haunted house in Athens by a ghost bound in a chain, an archetype that will become familiar in the later literature.
Ghosts often appear in the tragedies of Roman writer Seneca, who will then affect the rise of tragedy at the Renaissance stage, in particular Thomas Kyd and Shakespeare.
The Thousand One Night, sometimes known as Arabian Nights , contains a number of ghost stories, often involving genie, ghosts and dead bodies. In particular, the story of "Ali the Cairene and the Haunted House in Baghdad" revolves around the house haunted by the genie. Other Medieval Arabic literature, such as the Brethren of Purity Encyclopedia, also contains ghost stories.
11th century Japanese work The Tale of Genji contains a ghost story, and includes characters possessed by spirits.
British Renaissance Theater
In the mid-sixteenth century, the work of Seneca was rediscovered by Italian humanists, and they became models for the revival of tragedy. The influence of Seneca is very clear in Thomas Kyd The Spanish Tragedy and Shakespeare Hamlet , both of which share the theme of revenge, climax of corpses, and ghosts among the performers. The ghosts in Richard III are also similar to the Senecan model, while the ghosts in Hamlet play a more complex role. The image of Hamlet's father killed at Hamlet has become one of the more well-known ghosts in English literature. In another work by Shakespeare, Macbeth , Banquo is killed again as a ghost with anxiety from the title character.
In the British Renaissance theater, ghosts are often depicted in live clothing and even in armor. Armor, which was outdated in the Renaissance, gave the stage ghosts of ancient flavor. The tarpaulin ghost began to acquire the ground on stage in the 1800s because the ghostly armored ghost had to be moved around by a complicated pulley system or elevator, and eventually became a stage element and a mock object. Ann Jones and Peter Stallybrass, in Renaissance and Memory Materials, pointed out, "The fact is, when laughter threatens the Ghost that he begins to be staged not by armor but in some form of 'curtain of spirit'." which is interesting by Jones and Stallybrass is that "at a historical point where the ghost itself becomes increasingly unreasonable, at least for the educated elite, to believe in them at all seems necessary to assert their immateriality, their transparency. [...] The ghostly curtain must now be, indeed, as spiritual as the ghost itself.It is a striking departure from the ghosts of the Renaissance stage and of the ghosts of Greek and Roman theater that the stage stands.The hallmark of the Renaissance ghosts is their harsh materiality.They seem to be wearing clothes we are striking. "
Ballad border
Ghosts stand out in traditional British ballads in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly the "Border Ballads" of the turbulent frontier state between England and Scotland. These ballads include The Unquiet Grave , The Wife of Usher's Well , and Sweet William's Ghost , featuring a recurring theme for returning dead lovers. or children. In King Henry's ballad, the ghostly ghosts gobble up the king's horses and dogs before forcing the king into bed. The king then awakens to find the ghost turned into a beautiful woman.
Romantic Era
One of the keys to the initial appearance by ghosts was Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto in 1764, regarded as the first gothic novel. However, although ghost stories share supernatural use with Gothic novels, they are different. Ghost Stories, unlike Gothic fiction, usually occur in time and location close to the story's audience.
Modern short stories emerged in Germany in the early decades of the 19th century. Kleist's
The Russian equivalent of the ghost story is bylichka . The main examples of genre from the 1830s include Gogol Viy and Pushkin's The Queen of Spades, although there are a number of other stories from lesser-known writers, produced mainly as Christmas fiction. The Vosges Mountains are the setting for most of the ghost stories by the French writer team Erckmann-Chatrian.
One of the earliest ghost writers in the English language is Sir Walter Scott. The Ghost Story, "Wandering Willie's Tale" (1824, first published as part of the Redgauntlet) and The Tapestried Chamber (1828) away from the "Gothic" writing style and helping set an example for the next author in this genre.
"Golden Age of the Ghost Story"
The historian of Jack Sullivan's ghost story has noted that many literary critics argue the "Golden Age of the Ghost Story" existed between the decline of Gothic novels in the 1830s and the start of the First World War. Sullivan argues that the work of Edgar Allan Poe and Sheridan Le Fanu inaugurated this "Golden Age".
The Irish writer Sheridan Le Fanu is one of the most influential ghost writers. Le Fanu's collection, such as In Dark Glass (1872) and The Purcell Papers (1880)), helps popularized the short story as a medium for fictional ghosts. Charlotte Riddell, who wrote fiction as Mrs. J. H. Riddell, created a famous ghost story for using a haunted house theme.
The classic ghost story emerged during the Victorian period, and included writers such as M. R. James, Sheridan Le Fanu, Violet Hunt, and Henry James. The classic ghost story is influenced by the gothic fiction tradition, and contains elements of folklore and psychology. MR James summarizes the essential elements of a ghost story like, "Hatred and terror, the spotlight of evil faces, 'the grinning stones of evil evil', pursuing forms in darkness, and 'long, furthest cry' on the spot, and so did a little blood, shed with deliberation and caution... ".
The famous literary appearance of the Victorian period is the ghosts of A Christmas Carol, in which Ebenezer Scrooge is helped to see his faulty ways by the ghost of his former colleague Jacob Marley, and the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present and Christmas Yet to Come. In the precursor for A Christmas Carol Dickens published "The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton". Dickens also wrote "The Signal-Man", another work featuring ghosts.
Jamesian Style
David Langford describes the English writer M. R. James as the author of "the 20th century's most influential ghost ghost canons". James perfected the storytelling method which has since been known as Jamesian, which involves leaving behind many of the traditional Gothic elements of his predecessor. The classic Jamesian story usually includes the following elements:
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- character setting in English village, seaside or rural town; an ancient city in France, Denmark or Sweden; or a respectable monastery or university.
- a man who is unobtrusive and somewhat naive as a protagonist (often quiet).
- the discovery of old books or antiquities that somehow unlock, mention wrath, or at least attract unwanted attention from supernatural threats, usually from the cemetery.
According to James, the story should "put the reader in a position to say to himself, 'If I am not too careful, something like this can happen to me!'" He also perfected the technique of telling a supernatural event through its implications. and suggestions, letting the reader fill the void, and focusing on the earthly details of his setting and character to get rid of the grotesque and bizarre elements becomes more relieved. He concludes his approach in his introduction to anthology (Ghosts and Marvels) (Oxford, 1924): "The two most valuable ingredients in concocting a ghost story are, to me, good atmosphere and management.... Let us, then, be introduced to the actors in a calm manner, let's see them going about their regular business, not bothered by hunches, happy with their surroundings, and into this quiet environment let unpleasant things off its head, quietly at first, and then more powerful, to holding the stage. "
He also noted: "Another requirement, in my opinion, is that ghosts must be evil or disgusting: friendly appearance and help everything very well in local folklore or legend, but I am of no use to them in fictitious ghost stories."
Regardless of the suggestion (in the essay "The Stories I Have Try to Write") that the authors use silence in their work, many of James's stories portray violent and often disturbing scenes and violent images.
American writer of the 19th Century
Influenced by British and German examples, American writers began to produce their own ghost stories. The short story of Washington Irving The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820), based on previous German folklore, features a Headless Horseman. It has been adapted for movies and television many times, such as Sleepy Hollow , feature successful 1999 films. Irving also wrote "The German Student Adventure" and Edgar Allan Poe wrote some ghost stories, such as "The Masque of the Red Death" and "Morella".
At the end of the 19th century, mainstream American writers such as Edith Wharton, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman and F. Marion Crawford all wrote fiction ghosts. Henry James also wrote ghost stories, including the famous The Turn of the Screw . The Turn of the Screw has also appeared in a number of adaptations, especially The Innocents and opera Benjamin Britten
The introduction of porridge magazine in the early 1900s created a new way for ghost stories to be published, and they also began appearing in publications such as Good Housekeeping and The New Yorker .
Comedy and opera
The Oscar Telgmann Opera of Leo, Royal Cadet (1885) incorporated Judge's Song about ghosts at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario.
The Oscar Wilde comic short story "The Canterville Ghost" (1887) has been adapted for film and television on several occasions.
In the United States, before and during the First World War, folklorists Olive Dame Campbell and Cecil Sharp collected ballads from Appalachian Mountains people, covering ghost themes such as "The Carpenter The Cruel Ship", "The Suffolk Miracle", "The Unquiet Grave "and" The Wife of Usher's Well ". The theme of this ballad is often the return of a dead lover. These songs are a traditional British ballad variant inherited by a generation of mountain climbers who descended from people in the Anglo-Scottish border region.
Psychological horror
In the Edwardian era, Algernon Blackwood (which combines ghost stories with natural mysticism), Oliver Onions (whose ghost stories appeal to psychological horror), and William Hope Hodgson (whose stories also contain elements of ocean stories and science fiction) helped move the ghost story in a new direction.
Kaidan
Kaidan (??), which literally means "supernatural story" or "strange story", is a form of Japanese ghost story. Kaidan entered the local language when a game called Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai became popular in the Edo period. The popularity of the game, as well as the acquisition of the printing press, led to the creation of a literary genre called Kaidanshu. Kaidan is not always a horror story, they can be "funny, or weird, or just tell about the weird thing that happened once".
Lafcadio Hearn published Kwaidan: The Story and Study of Strange Things in 1904 as a collection of Japanese ghost stories collected by Lafcadio Hearn, and later made into a movie. The book "is seen as the first introduction of Japanese superstition to European and American audiences."
The modern era (1920 and beyond)
The magazine Ghost Stories , which contains almost nothing but a ghost story, was published from 1926 to 1932.
Beginning in the 1940s, Fritz Leiber wrote ghost stories set in modern industrial settings, such as "Ghosts Smoke" (1941) and "A Bit of the Dark World" (1962). Shirley Jackson made an important contribution to ghost fiction with her novel The Haunting of Hill House (1959).
A famous modern English fiction writer is Ramsey Campbell. Susan Hill also produced The Woman in Black (1983), a ghost novel that has been adapted for stage, television and film.
Noa's performances Coward's Blithe Spirit was later made into a 1945 film, placing a more humorous look at the haunting phenomenon of individuals and certain locations.
Movies
During the late 1890s ghostly depictions and supernatural events appeared in the film. With the advent of film and television, the screen of ghostly depictions became common, and spanned various genres. The works of Shakespeare, Dickens and Wilde have all been made into cinematic versions, as well as the adaptation of other playwrights and novelists. One of the famous short films is Haunted Castle directed by Georges MÃÆ' Â © liÃÆ'¨s in 1896. The film is also regarded as the first short film to describe ghosts and supernatural events.
After the second World War, sentimental ghostly images were more popular in theaters than horror, and included the 1947 movie The Ghost and Mrs. Muir , which was later adapted to television with the successful 1968-70 TV series. The original psychological horror films of this period included 1944's The Uninvited , and 1945's Dead of Night . Blithe Spirit , based on the game by Noà  «Coward, was also produced in this period. 1963 sees one of the main adaptations of the ghost novel, The Haunting , based on the famous novel The Haunting of Hill House .
The 1970s saw the depiction of a ghost screen deviate to a different genre of romance and horror. The common theme in the romantic genre of this period is the ghost as a benign guide or messenger, often with unfinished business, such as the 1989 Field of Dreams, 1990 film Ghost , and the 1993 comedy Heart and Souls . In the horror genre, 1980s The Fog, and the film series A Nightmare on Elm Street from the 1980s and 1990s is a very important example of the trend of merging stories ghost. with scenes of physical violence. The 1990s saw the return of classic gothic ghosts, whose dangers were more psychological than physical. Examples of films from this period include 1999 The Sixth Sense and The Others . The 1990s also saw a mild adaptation of the characters of the Casper the Friendly Ghost children, initially popular in cartoons in the 1950s and early 1960s, in the big screen film Casper >.
Asian cinema also produces horror movies about ghosts, such as the Japanese film 1998 Ringu (remade in the US as The Ring in 2002), and the 2002 film Pang brothers The Eye . Indian ghost films are popular not only in India but in the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia and other parts of the world. Some Indian ghost films like the Chandramukhi/comedy/horror film have been commercially successful, dubbed in several languages. Generally these films are based on the experiences of modern people who are unexpectedly exposed to ghosts, and usually use Indian traditional folk literature or stories. In some cases, Indian films are a remake of western movies, such as Anjaane , based on the ghost story of Alejandro AmenÃÆ'¡bar The Others .
Television
In a fictitious television program, ghosts have been explored in series such as Ghost Whisperer, Supernatural, adaptation of The Hantu and Mrs. Muir and Randall and Hopkirk (the deceased) . In the animated fiction television program, ghosts have functioned as a central element in series such as Casper the Friendly Ghost, Danny Phantom and Scooby-Doo, small roles in various other television shows.
Popularized partly by the 1984 franchise comedy Ghostbusters, ghost hunting has been popularized as a hobby in which the reported haunted spots are explored. Ghost hunting themes have been featured in the paranormal reality television series, such as A Haunting , Ghost Adventure , Ghost Hunter , International Ghost Hunter , Ghost Lab , and Most Haunted . It is also represented on children's television by programs like The Ghost Hunter based on a series of books with the same name and Ghost Tracker .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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