Don Quixote

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The Nobleman Nobleman Sir Quixote of La Mancha ( El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha , pronounced [el i? xe'njoso i'ÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â° al? o ÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â° o? ki'xote ÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â° e la 'mant? a] ), or just Don Quixote [ don ki 'xote] Ãƒ, ( listen ) ), is Spanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Published in two volumes, in 1605 and 1615, Don Quixote is considered the most influential literary work of the Spanish Golden Age and the entire Spanish literary canon. As an early work of modern Western literature and one of the earliest canonical novels, it often appears in the largest ever published list of fictional works, such as the collection of the World Library of Bokklubben quoting Don Quixote as the author's choice for "the best literary works ever written ".

This story follows the adventures of a noble (hidalgo) named Alonso Quixano who reads so many knights' romances that he loses his sanity and decides to start reviving chivalry, correct mistakes, and bring justice to the world, under the name of Don Quixote de la Mancha . He recruited a simple farmer, Sancho Panza, as a bodyguard, who often used his unique worldly intelligence in dealing with the rhetorical oration of Don Quixote about the ancient knights. Don Quixote, in the first part of this book, does not see the world as it is and prefers to imagine that he lives with the story of a knight.

Throughout the novel, Cervantes uses literary techniques such as realism, metatheatre, and intertextuality. This book has a major influence on the literary community, as evidenced by direct references in Alexandre Dumas' The Three Musketeers (1844), Mark Twain Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), and Edmond Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac (1897), as well as the word "quixotic" and the nickname "Lothario"; the latter refers to the character in "El curioso impertinente" ("The Impertinently Curious Man"), an interlude story that appears in Part One, chapters 33-35. Arthur Schopenhauer called Don Quixote one of the four greatest novels ever written, along with Tristram Shandy , La Nouvelle HÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â© loÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¯se , and Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre .

Video Don Quixote

Summary

Cervantes writes that the first chapters were taken from "The Archive of La Mancha", and the rest were translated from Arabic by Moor Cide writer Hamete Benengeli. This metaphsicalal trick seems to give greater credibility to the text, implying that Don Quixote is a real character and that the related events actually took place several decades before the recording of this account. However, it was also common practice in that era for fictitious works to make pretensions become factual, such as the fairy tale line "Once upon a time in a distant country..."

On their way, the protagonists meet with innkeepers, prostitutes, goat herders, soldiers, priests, escaped convicts and scorned lover. The characters mentioned above sometimes tell stories that combine events from the real world, such as the conquest of the Maynila Kingdom or the battles of the Eighty Years. Their encounters were magnified by Don Quixote's imagination into the quest for modesty. Don Quixote's tendency to intervene roughly in matters that are irrelevant to himself, and his habit of not paying debts, resulting in privatization, injury, and humiliation (with Sancho often victimized). Finally, Don Quixote was persuaded to return to his hometown. The narrator suggests that there is a third search, but says that the note has been lost.

Part 1

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Alonso Quixano, the protagonist of the novel (although he was not given this name as far away in this book), was a Hidalgo (member of the lower Spanish nobility), nearly 50 years old, living in an unnamed part of La Mancha with his nephew and housekeeper , as well as boys who were never heard again after the first chapter. Although Quixano was usually a rational person, according to the humoral theory of the moment, not getting enough sleep - because he was reading - had caused his brain to dry; Thus, Quixano's temperament is hot and dry humor. As a result, he is easily granted anger and believes every word of these fictional knight books to be true.
Imitating the protagonists of these books, he decides to become a knight-guilty in the quest for adventure. For this purpose, he wore an old armor, renamed himself "Don Quixote", named his horse "Rocinante", and appointed Aldonza Lorenzo, a neighboring peasant girl, as his lover, renamed Dulcinea del Toboso, while he did not know what -what about this. Hoping to become famous quickly, he arrives at an inn, which he believes to be a castle; calling prostitutes she met "women" ( doncellas ); and asked the innkeeper, whom he considered the ruler of the castle, to call him a knight. He spends the night on guard in his armor and engages in a fight with a muleteer who tries to release his armor from a horse trough so they can water their donkeys. In a mock ceremony, the innkeeper gave him a knight to get rid of him and send him on his way.
Don Quixote subsequently "freed" a boy named Andres who was tied to a tree and beaten by his master, and made his master swear to treat the boy justly; but the boy's beating continues as soon as Quixote leaves. Don Quixote later met with merchants from Toledo, who "insulted" the imaginary Dulcinea. He attacked them, only to be beaten and left on the side of the road, and returned to his home by a neighboring farmer.
Destruction of the Don Quixote library (Chapters 6 and 7)
While Don Quixote is unconscious in his bed, his nephew, housekeeper, parish priest and local barbers burn most of the knights and other books. Most of this section consists of priests who decide which books are worth burning and which ones to save. This is a high comedy scene: If the books were so bad for morality, how did the pastor know they were good enough to describe any naughty scene? Even so, this provides an opportunity for many comments on books that Cervantes likes and dislikes. For example, Cervantes' own pastoral novel La Galatea was saved, while a rather unbelievable romance of Felixmarte de Hyrcania was burned. After the books are handled, they seal the library's room, then tell Don Quixote that it is the act of a magician ( encantador ).
Second Sally
After a short period of pretending to be healthy, Don Quixote asked his neighbor, Sancho Panza, to become a bodyguard, promising him as a minor governor (Æ' Æ' Æ' Æ' Æ' <). Sancho is a poor and simple farmer but more practical than Don Quixote's head-in-cloud-cloud and agrees with the offer, slipping away with Don Quixote early in the dawn. This is where their famous adventure begins, beginning with a Don Quixote attack on a windmill that he believes to be a ferocious giant.
The next two meetings of a group of brothers accompany a woman in a horse-drawn carriage. Don Quixote took the monks to be the enchanters who arrested the ladyess, dropped a monk from her horse, and was soon challenged by the armed Basque who traveled with the company. Because he does not have a shield, Basque uses a pillow to protect himself, which saves him when Don Quixote attacks him. Cervantes chose this point, in the midst of the battle, to say that the source ends here. Soon, however, he went on the adventure of Don Quixote after the story of finding an Arabic notebook containing the rest of the story by Cid Hamet Ben Engeli. The battle ends with the woman leaving the train and ordering those who travel with her to "surrender" to Don Quixote.
The Pastoral Peregrinations (Chapter 11-15)
Sancho and Don Quixote fell with a group of goat herders. Don Quixote told Sancho and the goat herders of the "Golden Age" of man, where property is absent and people live in peace. The guards went to invite Knight and Sancho to the funeral of GrisÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â³stomo, a former student who abandoned his studies to become a shepherd after reading a pastoral novel (parallel to Don Quixote's decision to become a knight), searching for Marcela's shepherd. At the funeral, Marcela appears, justifying herself from the bitter verses written about her by GrisÃƒÂ³stomo, and claiming her own autonomy and freedom from the expectations imposed by pastoral cliches. He disappears into the forest, and Don Quixote and Sancho follow him. Finally giving up, two down with a pool to rest. Some Galicians came to water their horses, and Rocinante (Don Quixote's horse) sought to mate with a pony. The Galicians beat Rocinante with the club to prevent him, where Don Quixote tried to defend Rocinante. The Galicians defeated Don Quixote and Sancho, making them very painful.
Lodging (Chapter 16-17)
After escaping from the musketeers, Don Quixote and Sancho climbed to the nearest inn. Again, Don Quixote imagines the inn is a castle, though Sancho is not so sure. Don Quixote was given a bed in a haystack, and Sancho slept on the bedside carpet; they shared the loft with a muleteer. When night fell, Don Quixote imagined the waitress girl at the inn, Helen, being a beautiful princess, and making her sit on her bed with her, frighten her. Seeing what happens, the muleteers attack Don Quixote, break the fragile bed and lead into a big and chaotic battle where Don Quixote and Sancho are once again badly wounded. Don Quixote's explanation for everything is that they are fighting with an enchanted Moor. He also believes that he can heal their wounds with a mixture he calls "Firearbras balm", which only makes them sick. Don Quixote and Sancho decide to leave the inn, but Quixote, following the example of a fictitious knight, leaves without paying. Sancho, however, remained and ended up wrapped in a blanket and thrown into the air (blanketed) by some naughty guests at the inn, something often mentioned above the rest of the novel. After his release, he and Don Quixote continue their journey.
Slaves and Cardenio (Chapters 19-24)
After Don Quixote had an adventure involving corpses, helmets, and freed a group of slave giants, he and Sancho wandered into Sierra Morena and there met a disappointed Cardenio. Cardenio tells the first part of his story, where he is deeply in love with his childhood friend Luscinda, and is employed as Duke's son's companion, leading to his friendship with Duke's youngest son Don Fernando. Cardenio confessed to Don Fernando his love for Luscinda and the delay in their engagement, caused by Cardenio's desire to follow the tradition. After reading Cardenio's poems praising Luscinda, Don Fernando fell in love with him. Don Quixote interjected when Cardenio pointed out that his lover may have become unfaithful after home stories of lovers being rejected in knight novels. They got into a fight, ended up with Cardenio beating them all up and walking off to the mountain.
Pastor, barber, and Dorotea (Chapter 25 -31)
Calm the pine for Dulcinea, imitate Cardenio. Quixote sends Sancho to send a letter to Dulcinea, but Sancho finds barbers and priests and takes them to Quixote. The priest and the barber make plans to trick Don Quixote into coming home. They get the help of Dorotea, a woman who has been deceived by Don Fernando. She pretends that she is Princess Micomicona and is desperate to get Quixote's help. Quixote ran to Andres, who insulted his disability.
Return to lodge (Chapter 32-42)
The group returns to the previous inn where the pastor tells the story of Anselmo while doing battle with the wine skin. Dorotea reunited with Don Fernando and Cardenio with Lucinda. A prisoner from the land of the Moors arrived and was asked to tell the story of his life. A judge arrived, and found that the prisoner was his long-lost brother, and the two were reunited.
End of story (Chapters 45-52)
A Santa Hermandad officer has a Quixote warrant for the release of kitchen slaves. The Imam asks officers to have mercy because of Quixote's madness. The clerk agrees, and Quixote is locked in a cage and made to think that it is a charm and that there is a prophecy about heroic return. While traveling, the group stopped to eat and let Quixote out of the cage, and he quarreled with the goatherd and with a group of pilgrims, who beat him to surrender, and he was finally taken home. The narrator ends the story by saying that he has found a further adventure script from Quixote.
Part 2
Although these two passages are now published as a single masterpiece, Don Quixote, Part Two is a sequel published ten years after the original novel. While Part One is mostly funny, the second half is more serious and philosophical about the theme of fraud.
Part Two of Don Quixote explores the concept of the understanding of the characters he wrote about, an idea heavily explored in the 20th century.
Third Sally
When Part Two begins, it is assumed that the Spanish learned class has read the first part of the story. Cervantes's meta-fiction tool is to create a character in a story familiar with the publication of Part One , as well as with Part Two that is actually published, false. When strangers face duo directly, they already know their famous history. Duke and Duchess, and others, cheat Don Quixote for entertainment, with a series of imaginary adventures that produce a series of practical jokes. Some of them put the sense of knighthood Don Quixote and his devotion to Dulcinea through many tests. Pressed to find Dulcinea, Sancho brought back three tattered peasant girls and told Don Quixote that they were Dulcinea and his ladies. When Don Quixote only saw the peasant girls, Sancho pretended (reversing several incidents of Part One ) that their derelict appearance resulted from charm.
Sancho then gets retaliated for this when, as part of one of the Duke and Duchess thugs, both are led to believe that the only method to release Dulcinea from his spell is for Sancho to give himself three thousand three hundred lashes. Sancho naturally rejects this action, which causes friction with his master. Under Duke's protection, Sancho finally got the governor, though it was wrong; and he proved to be a wise and practical ruler; although this ends with humiliation as well. Near the end, Don Quixote is reluctant to sway toward sanity.
The countless long "history" of Don Quixote's adventures in the knights came closer after his fight with Knight of the White Moon (a youth from Don Quixote's hometown previously Knight of Mirrors) on the beach in Barcelona, â‚¬
Upon returning to his village, Don Quixote announced his plan to retire to the countryside as a shepherd, but his housekeeper urged him to stay home. Soon after, he retired to his bed with a deadly illness, and then woke up from a dream, having completely recovered his sanity. Sancho tries to restore his faith, but Quixano (the right name) only releases his previous ambitions and apologizes for the harm he has caused. He dictated his wish, which included the provision that his nephew would be deprived if he married a man who read knightly books. After Alonso Quixano died, the author emphasized that there is no longer an adventure to relate and that any further book on Don Quixote would be false.
Maps Don Quixote

Meaning
Harold Bloom says that Don Quixote is a work of radical nihilism and anarchism, preferring the glory of the fantasy of the real world, which includes an imminent death, and is the "first modern novel".
Edith Grossman, who wrote and published a very famous English translation in 2003, says the book is mostly meant to move people into emotion using systematic change of course, on the verge of both tragedy and comedy at the same time. Grossman has stated:
The question is that Quixote has many interpretations [...] and how I resolve it in my translation. I will answer your question by avoiding it [...] so when I first started reading Quixote, I thought it was the most tragic book in the world, and I would read it and cry [...] As I grow older [...] my skin gets thicker [...] and when I do the translation, I actually sit in front of my computer and laugh out loud. This is done [...] as Cervantes does it [...] by never letting the reader rest. You are never sure that you really get it. Because once you think you understand something, Cervantes introduces something that goes against your premise.

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Themes
The structure of this novel is episodic in form. It was written in picaresco style at the end of the 16th century and displays references to other picaresque novels including Lazarillo de Tormes The Golden Ass . The full title is an indication of a story object, such as ingenioso (Spain) means "fast with creativity", marking the transition of modern literature from dramatic to thematic unity. The novel lasts for a long period of time, including many adventures united by common themes of the nature of reality, reading, and dialogue in general.
Although exciting on the surface, the novel, especially in the second half, has served as an important thematic source not only in literature but also in many arts and music, inspired by Pablo Picasso and Richard Strauss. The contrast between high Quixote, thin, luxurious and idealistic and the fat, squat, and tired Panza in the world is the motive that echoes since the publication of the book, and Don Quixote's imagination is a humiliating and cruel joke in this novel..
Even a loyal and simple Sancho is forced to deceive him at certain points. This novel is regarded as an allusion of orthodoxy, honesty and even nationalism. In exploring the individualism of his character, Cervantes helps move beyond the narrow literary conventions of the spoof roman literature he spoof, which consists of retelling directly from a series of actions that merge with the virtues of the hero's knight. Don Quixote's character became very popular in his time that the word quixotic was quickly adopted by many languages. Characters like the horses of Sancho Panza and Don Quixote, Rocinante, are symbols of Western literary culture. The phrase "tilt on the windmill" to describe the act of attacking a fictional enemy, comes from the iconic scene in the book.
It stands in a unique position between the romance of the medieval knight and the modern novel. The first consists of a disconnected story that features the same character and setting with little exploration of the inner life of even the main characters. The latter usually focuses on the psychological evolution of their character. In Part I, Quixote imposes itself on its environment. In Part II, people know about him through "after reading his adventures", and therefore, he needs to do less to maintain his image. On his deathbed he has regained his sanity, and once again "Alonso Quixano the Good".
When first published, Don Quixote is usually interpreted as a comic novel. After the French Revolution, it became popular because of its central ethics that individuals can become righteous while society is severely mistaken and seen as disappointed. In the 19th century, it was seen as a social comment, but no one could easily say "which side of Cervantes was on". Many critics have regarded this work as a tragedy in which the idealism and nobility of Don Quixote is seen by the postwar world as mad, and defeated and perceived as useless by general reality. In the 20th century, the novel has occupied the canonical space as one of the foundations of modern literature.
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Source

Sources for Don Quixote include the Castilian novel Amadis de Gaula , which has enjoyed great popularity throughout the 16th century. Another prominent source, which Cervantes seems to admire, is the Tirant lo Blanch, described by ministers in Chapter VI of Quixote as the "best book in the world." (However, the sense in which it is "best" is much debated among scholars.This passage is mentioned since the 19th century "the hardest part of Don Quixote.") The scene of book burning gives us a list very good about Cervantes' likes and dislikes about literature.

Cervantes made a number of references to the Italian poetry . In chapter 10 of the first part of the novel, Don Quixote says he must take the magical helmet of Mambrino, an episode of Canto I from Orlando , and it's own reference to Matteo Maria Boiardo Orlando innamorato . The story of interpolation in chapter 33 Part Four of the First Section is to retell the story of Canto 43 from Orlando , about a man who tested his wife's loyalty.

Another important source is Apuleius The Golden Ass , one of the earliest known novels, a picaresque from ancient classical times. The wine episode near the end of the interpolation story "The Curious Impertinent" in chapter 35 of the first section of Don Quixote is a clear reference to Apuleius, and recent scholarship shows that the moral and basic philosophy of Apuleius novel trajectories is very important for the Cervantes program. Similarly, much of Sancho's adventures in Part II and the proverbs throughout are drawn from popular Spanish and Italian folklore.

The Cervantes experience as a kitchen slave in Algiers also affects Quixote .

Copy of Part Two by Avellaneda

It is uncertain when Cervantes started writing Part Two of Don Quixote, but he probably did not go further than Chapter LIX at the end of July 1614. However, around September, False Part Two , entitled Second Volume of Ingenious Men Don Quixote of La Mancha: by Licenciado (doctor) Alonso FernÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¡ndez de Avellaneda, from Tordesillas , published in Tarragona by unknown Aragon who admires Lope de Vega, a rival Cervantes.

Some modern scholars argue that the fictional meeting of Don Quixote with Avellaneda in Chapter 59 Part II should not be taken as a date that Cervantes found it, which may have been much earlier.

Avellaneda's identity has been the subject of many theories, but there is no consensus about who he is. In his prologue, the authors blatantly insulted Cervantes, who was not surprisingly offended and replied; the last half of Chapter LIX and most of the following chapters of Cervantes' Segunda Parte lend some insight into its effects; Cervantes managed to work on some fine excavations in Avellaneda's own work, and in his introduction to Part II, came very close to criticizing Avellaneda directly.

In his introduction to The Portable Cervantes , Samuel Putnam, a famous Cervantes translator of the novel, calls the Avellaneda version "one of the most embarrassing performances in history".

The second part of Cervantes' Don Quixote, completed as a direct result of Avellaneda's book, has been considered by some literary critics as superior to the first part, due to deeper characterization, discussions, mostly between Quixote and Sancho , on diverse subjects, and his philosophical insights.

Style

Spelling and pronunciation

Cervantes wrote his work in the early modern form of Spanish, borrowing from Old Castilian, a form of medieval language. The language Don Quixote , though still containing archaisms, is much more understandable to modern Spanish readers than, for example, the medieval Spanish completely from Poema de mio Cid , a different kind of Spanish from Cervantes because Central English comes from Modern English. Old Castilian language is also used to show the higher classes that come with being a recalcitrant knight.

In Don Quixote, there are basically two different types of Castile: Old Castile is spoken only by Don Quixote, while other roles speak contemporary Spanish versions. Old Castile Don Quixote is a resource of humor - he copies the language spoken in the knight's books that drive him mad; and many times, when he speaks no one can understand it because the language is too old. This funny effect is harder to see now because the reader should be able to distinguish two older language versions, but when the book is published, it is greatly celebrated. (English translation can understand its effect by using Don Quixote using the King James Bible or Shakespearian English, or even Middle English.)

In Old Castilian, the letter x represents the sound written sh in modern English, so its original name is pronounced ki '? ote] . However, since Old Castile evolved toward modern Spain, the change of voice caused it to be pronounced with a voiceless fricative velar voice (like Scottish or German ch ), and today the Spanish pronunciation "Quixote" is [ki'xote] . The original pronunciation is reflected in languages â€‹â€‹like Asturian, Leonese, Galician, Catalan, Italian, Portuguese, and French, where the pronunciation is "sh" or "ch"; the French opera Don Quichotte is one of the most famous modern examples of this pronunciation.

Today, English speakers generally try something close to modern Spanish pronunciation Quixote Quijote ), such as , despite the traditional English pronunciation with the value of the letter x in modern English is still sometimes used, resulting in or . In Australian English, the preferred pronunciation among the educated class members is until entering the 1970s, as part of the upscale tendency to "launch its cruel borrowing". Traditional English translations are preserved in the pronounced quixotic adjective, ie, , defined by Merriam-Webster as a purely practical pursuit of ideals , usually characterized by a romantic rash and sublime.

Settings

The story of Cervantes takes place on the plains of La Mancha, specifically the comarca of the Campo de Montiel.

In a place in La Mancha, whose name I do not want to remember, not long ago lived a hydalgo spear in the shipyard, old men, skinny deer and galgo corridors.
(Somewhere in La Mancha, somewhere I do not care to remember, a man who lived not long ago, one of those who had spears and ancient shields on the shelf and kept a skinny horse and a greyhound for racing. )

This story also occurs in El Toboso where Don Quixote goes to seek the blessing of Dulcinea. The location of the village that Cervantes visited in Don Quixote's opening sentence has been the subject of much debate since it was published more than four centuries ago. Indeed, Cervantes deliberately omitted the village name, giving an explanation in the last chapter:

That is the end of the Manicses of La Mancha, whose village is not shown by Cide Hamete appropriately, to leave all the towns and villages of La Mancha to fight among themselves for the right to adopt him and claim him as a son, as the seven Greek cities argue for Homer.

In 2004, a multidisciplinary team of academics from Complutense University, led by Francisco Parra Luna, Manuel FernÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¡ndez Nieto, and Santiago Petschen Verdaguer, concluded that the village was Villanueva de los Infantes. Their findings were published in a paper entitled "El Quijote 'como un sistema de distancias/tiempos: hacia la localizaciÃƒÂ³n del lugar de la Mancha" , which was later published as a book: El enigma resuelto del Quijote . The results were replicated in two subsequent investigations: "La determinaciÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â³n del lugar de la Mancha como problema estadÃƒÆ'stico" and "The Kinematics of the Quixote and Identity of the 'Place in La Mancha'".

Researchers Isabel Sanchez Duque and Francisco Javier Escudero have found relevant information about Cervantes' possible source of inspiration to write Don Quixote. Cervantes is a friend of the VillaseÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â± family or, who was involved in a battle with Francisco de AcuÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â± a. Both sides fought disguised as medieval knights on the road from El Toboso to Miguel Esteban in 1581. They also found a man named Rodrigo Quijada, who bought the title of noble "hidalgo", and created various conflicts with the help of a bodyguard.

Language

Due to its vast influence, Don Quixote also helps strengthen modern Spanish. The opening sentence of this book creates a classic Spanish clichÃ© with the phrase "de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme" ("whose name I am not want to remember "): " En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme, no hace mucho tiempo que vivÃƒÆ'a un hidalgo de los de lanza en astillero, adarga antigua, rocÃƒÆ'n flaco y galgo corredor. " (" In La Mancha village, whose name I do not want to remember, live there, not long, spears on the shelves of spears, ancient shields, skinny old horses, and fast greyhounds. ")

The funny elements of this novel take advantage of the game of words and games of similar words. The characters at Don Quixote make many uses of figural contradictions, inversions, and irony, such as the names of Rocinante (reversal) and Dulcinea (An figuratively for illusion), and the quixote itself, maybe even at quijada (jaw) but of course cuixot > (Catalan: thigh), references to horse's ass.

As a military term, the word quijote refers to cooking, part of the plate armor that protects the thighs. The Spanish suffix -ote shows augmentative - for example, grande means large, but grandote means extra large. Following this example, Quixote will suggest 'The Great Quijano', a plausible play of words in the light of the delusions of characters of great character.

La Mancha is the territory of Spain, but mancha (Spanish word) means spot, mark, stain. Translators like John Ormsby have declared La Mancha one of the most quiet and ordinary areas of Spain, the most romantic and fantastic place imaginable as the home of a brave warrior.

To be a Knight: Don Quixote - The Imaginative Conservative

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Publications

In July 1604, Cervantes sold the rights of El ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote de la Mancha (known as Don Quixote, Part I ) to the booksellers Francisco de Robles for the amount not known. The license to publish was given in September, the printing was completed in December, and the book came out on January 16, 1605.

The novel was a success. Most 400 copies of the first edition were sent to the New World, with publishers hoping to get better prices in America. Although most of them disappeared in a shipwreck near La Havana, about 70 copies reached Lima, from where they were sent to Cuzco in the heart of the dead Inca Empire.

Not long after that in public hands rather than preparations made to publish a derivative edition (pirated). Don Quixote has been increasingly favored, and the name of its author is now known outside the Pyrenees. In August 1605, there were two editions of Madrid, two published in Lisbon, and one in Valencia. Publisher Francisco de Robles secured additional copyright for Aragon and Portugal for the second edition.

The sale of this publishing rights deprives Cervantes of further financial gains in Part One . In 1607, the edition was printed in Brussels. Robles, the Madrid publisher, felt it necessary to comply with a request with the third edition, the seventh publication, in 1608. The book's popularity in Italy was such that the Milan bookmaker issued an Italian edition in 1610. But another edition of Brussels was called in 1611. Since then , many editions have been released and in total, the novel is believed to have sold over 500 million copies worldwide. This work has been produced in various editions and languages, the Cervantes Collection, in the State Library of New South Wales covering over 1,100 editions. It was collected, by Dr. Ben Haneman, for thirty years.

In 1613, Cervantes published Novelas Ejemplares, dedicated to the Maecenas of the day, Conde de Lemos. Eight and a half years after Part One appears, the first clue of future Segunda Parte comes up (Part Two). "You will see in a minute," said Cervantes, "Don Quixote's exploits and Sancho Panza humor further." Don Quixote, Part Two , published by the same press as its predecessor, appeared at the end of 1615, and was quickly reprinted in Brussels and Valencia (1616) and Lisbon (1617). Part two capitalizes on its first potential while developing and diversifying material without sacrificing familiarity. Many people agree that it is richer and deeper. Parts One and Two were published as an edition in Barcelona in 1617. Historically, Cervantes's work has been said to have "smiled of Spanish knighthood", suggesting that Don Quixote as a knight's satire contributed to the destruction of the Spanish Empire.

English edition in translation

There are many translations from this book, and have been adapted many times in the shortened version. Many derivative editions were also written at the time, as was the habit of jealous or immoral writers. Seven years after the Parte Primera appeared, Don Quixote was translated into French, German, Italian and English, with the first French translation of 'Part II' appearing in 1618 , and the first English translation in 1620. One of the short adaptations, written by AgustÃƒÆ'n SÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¡nchez, runs slightly over 150 pages, cutting around 750 pages.

The English translation of Thomas Shelton from First Section appeared in 1612 while Cervantes was alive, although there was no evidence that Shelton had met the author. Although the Shelton version is appreciated by some, according to John Ormsby and Samuel Putnam, it is far from satisfactory as it carries more than the Cervantes text. Shelton's translation of the Second Section novel appeared in 1620.

Toward the end of the 17th century, John Phillips, the nephew of poet John Milton, published what Putnam considered to be the worst English translation. Translation, as claimed by literary criticism, is not based on Cervantes texts but mostly on French works by Filleau de Saint-Martin and on a note written by Thomas Shelton.

Around 1700, a version by Pierre Antoine Motteux emerged. The Motteux translation enjoys lasting popularity; it was reprinted as a Modern Library Edition edition of the novel until recently. Nevertheless, future translators will find many mistakes in the Motteux version: Samuel Putnam criticizes "the prevailing slapstick quality of this work, especially where Sancho Panza is involved, the obscenity of the obscene where it is found in the original language, and the dire predicament. omission or extend the text ". John Ormsby considers the Motteux version "worse than worthless", and denounces "infused spray and Cockney's mortality" into the original.

The saying 'Proof of pudding is in the diet' is widely associated with Cervantes. The Spanish word for pudding, 'budan', however, does not appear in the original text but is prime in the Motteux translation. In the Smolletts translation of 1755, he noted that the original text reads "You will see when the egg is fried" which means 'time will tell'.

A translation by Captain John Stevens, who revised the Thomas Shelton version, also appeared in 1700, but his publication was overshadowed by the launching of the Motteux translation simultaneously.

In 1742, Charles Jervas's translation appeared, posthumously. Through printer error, it became known, and is still known, as "Jarvis translation". It was the most scientific and accurate English translation of the novel up to that point, but future translator John Ormsby pointed out in his own introduction to the novel that Jarvis's translation has been criticized as being too rigid. Nevertheless, it became the most reprinted novel translation until about 1885. Another 18th century translation into English was Tobias Smollett, himself a novelist, first published in 1755. Like the Jarvis translation, it continues to be reprinted today.

Translation by Alexander James Duffield appeared in 1881 and the other by Henry Edward Watts in 1888. Most modern translators take their model of 1885 translation by John Ormsby. It is said that the translation is the most honest translation of all the translations, with no extension to the text or changes from the proverb.

The evacuated children's version, titled The Story of Don Quixote , was published in 1922 (available at Project Gutenberg). This leaves the risqueto section as well as the chapters that young readers may find boring, and embellishes a lot on the original text of Cervantes. The title page actually gives credit to two editors as if they were writers, and ignores the mention of Cervantes.

The most widely read English translations of the mid-twentieth century are by Samuel Putnam (1949), J. M. Cohen (1950; Penguin Classics), and Walter Starkie (1957). The final English translation of this novel in the 20th century was by Burton Raffel, published in 1996. The 21st century has seen four new translations of the novel into English. The first is by John D. Rutherford and the second by Edith Grossman. Reviewing the novel in the New York Times Carlos Fuentes describes Grossman's translation as "the ultimate literary achievement" and others call it "the most transparent and least obstructed of more than a dozen English translations going back to the 17th century."

In 2005, the year of the 400th anniversary of the novel, Tom Lathrop published a new English translation of the novel, based on a life-long study of the novel and its history. The fourth translation of the 21st century was released in 2006 by former university librarian James H Montgomery, 26 years after he began, in an attempt to "re-create the original meaning to the fullest, though not at the expense of Cervantes' literary style."

In 2011, another translation by Gerald J. Davis appeared. This is the latest and fifth translation of the 21st century.

src: pre00.deviantart.net

In popular media

Newsroom

Don Quixote or related works, such as the drama Man of La Mancha , are referenced repeatedly in the American HBO drama The Newsroom , running from 2012 -14. His character - especially Will McAvoy - immediately spoke of the book. In the dialogue, they equate themselves with the theme and character of Cervantes, including the protagonist and Sancho Panza. The Newsroom ' s multi-season arc and storyline intended to indirectly reflect some elements of Cervantes's story.

January 16th 1605: Don Quixote published On this... | Books ...

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List of English translations

Thomas Shelton (1612 & amp; 1620)
John Phillips (1687) - John Milton's nephew - the worst translation according to John Ormsby and Samuel Putnam
Captain John Stevens (1700) (revision of Thomas Shelton)
Pierre Antoine Motteux (1700)
John Ozell (1719) (revision of Pierre Antoine Motteux)
Charles Jervas (1742)
Tobias Smollett (1755) (revised Charles Jervas)
Charles Henry Wilmot (1774)
Alexander James Duffield (1881)
John Ormsby (1885) - the most accurate
Henry Edward Watts (1888)
Robinson Smith (1910)
Samuel Putnam (1949)
J. M. Cohen (1950)
Walter Starkie (1957)
Kenneth Douglas and Joseph Jones (1981) (revision of John Ormsby)
Burton Raffel (1996)
John Rutherford (2000)
Edith Grossman (2003)
Tom Lathrop (2005)
James H. Montgomery (2006)
Gerald J. Davis (2011)

Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes: Chapter VIII

src: www.online-literature.com

Influence and adaptation

Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes: Chapter VII

src: www.online-literature.com

References

External links

Don Quixote on In Our Time on the BBC.
Don Quixote public domain audiobook on LibriVox
The work by Miguel de Cervantes in Project Gutenberg
The Cervantine Collection from Biblioteca de Catalunya
The Miguel de Cervantes collection has the first rare volume in various languages â€‹â€‹ Don Quixote . From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress.

Source of the article : Wikipedia

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